In this part, we will examine administrators in PL/SQL. An administrator is an image that advises the compiler to perform explicit numerical or intelligent control. PL/SQL language is wealthy in implicit administrators and gives the accompanying kinds of administrators −
- Number-crunching administrators
- Social administrators
- Correlation administrators
- Consistent administrators
- String administrators
Here, we will comprehend the math, social, correlation and legitimate administrators individually. The String administrators will be talked about in a later part − PL/SQL - Strings.
Arithmetic Operators
Following table shows all the math administrators upheld by PL/SQL. Allow us to expect variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 5, at that point −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
+ | Adds two operands | A + B will give 15 |
- | Subtracts second operand from the first | A - B will give 5 |
* | Multiplies both operands | A * B will give 50 |
/ | Divides numerator by de-numerator | A / B will give 2 |
** | Exponentiation operator, raises one operand to the power of other | A ** B will give 100000 |
Relational Operators
Social administrators analyze two articulations or qualities and return a Boolean outcome. Following table shows all the social administrators upheld by PL/SQL. Allow us to expect variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, at that point −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
= | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A = B) is not true. |
!= <> ~= |
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. | (A != B) is true. |
> | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A > B) is not true. |
< | Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A < B) is true. |
>= | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A >= B) is not true. |
<= | Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. | (A <= B) is true |
Comparison Operators
Correlation administrators are utilized for contrasting one articulation with another. The outcome is in every case either TRUE, FALSE or NULL.
Show Examples
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
LIKE | The LIKE operator compares a character, string, or CLOB value to a pattern and returns TRUE if the value matches the pattern and FALSE if it does not. | If 'Zara Ali' like 'Z% A_i' returns a Boolean true, whereas, 'Nuha Ali' like 'Z% A_i' returns a Boolean false. |
BETWEEN | The BETWEEN operator tests whether a value lies in a specified range. x BETWEEN a AND b means that x >= a and x <= b. | If x = 10 then, x between 5 and 20 returns true, x between 5 and 10 returns true, but x between 11 and 20 returns false. |
IN | The IN operator tests set membership. x IN (set) means that x is equal to any member of set. | If x = 'm' then, x in ('a', 'b', 'c') returns Boolean false but x in ('m', 'n', 'o') returns Boolean true. |
IS NULL | The IS NULL operator returns the BOOLEAN value TRUE if its operand is NULL or FALSE if it is not NULL. Comparisons involving NULL values always yield NULL. | If x = 'm', then 'x is null' returns Boolean false. |
Logical Operators
Following table shows the Logical administrators upheld by PL/SQL. Every one of these administrators work on Boolean operands and produce Boolean outcomes. Allow us to expect variable A remains constant and variable B holds bogus, at that point −
Operator | Description | Examples |
---|---|---|
and | Called the logical AND operator. If both the operands are true then condition becomes true. | (A and B) is false. |
or | Called the logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is true then condition becomes true. | (A or B) is true. |
not | Called the logical NOT Operator. Used to reverse the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make it false. | not (A and B) is true |
PL/SQL Operator Precedence
Administrator priority decides the gathering of terms in an articulation. This influences how an articulation is assessed. Certain administrators have higher priority than others; for instance, the increase administrator has higher priority than the expansion administrator.
For instance, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is allocated 13, not 20 since administrator * has higher priority than +, so it initially gets duplicated with 3*2 and afterward adds into 7.
Here, administrators with the most noteworthy priority show up at the highest point of the table, those with the least show up at the base. Inside an articulation, higher priority administrators will be assessed first.
The priority of administrators goes as follows: =, <, >, <=, >=, <>, !=, ~=, ^=, IS NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN.
Show Examples
Operator | Operation |
---|---|
** | exponentiation |
+, - | identity, negation |
*, / | multiplication, division |
+, -, || | addition, subtraction, concatenation |
comparison | |
NOT | logical negation |
AND | conjunction |
OR | inclusion |