Interview Questions.

Q1. In The Design Of Bridge Arguments What Considerations Should Be Made To Select The Orientation Of The Wing Walls?

Some of the maximum not unusual arrangements of wing walls in cases of bridge arguments are as follows:

Wing partitions parallel to abutments: This approach is considered to take least amount of time to build and is simple as nicely. But at the drawback this approach is not the most reasonably-priced. The advantage of this form of design being that they motive the least quantity of disturbance to the slope embankment.

Wing partitions at an perspective to abutments: This design technique is considered to be the maximum least expensive in terms of cloth fee.

Wing partitions perpendicular to abutments: The characteristic of this design is it presents an alignment continuous with the bridge decks lending a guide to the parapets.

Q2. For A Washout Valve Why Are Two Gate Valves Required In Normal Practice?

The washout valves are generally used for normal upkeep works inclusive of that of water important. This may be like to permit water to glide out throughout the cleaning of the water predominant. The junctions at which a pipe branches out to a washout point generally a gate valve is established so that the 2 pipelines are separated. The gate valve installed above typically stays open throughout everyday operation. Another gate valve is established similarly downstream and this remains closed all through normal operation of the washout valve.

In case this valve isn't always hooked up then the pipe segment of the branched out pipe would continue to be dry in the course of everyday operation and high chances of harm and leakage can take vicinity. When the downstream valve is installed the branched out water predominant carries water underneath ordinary operation. With  gate valves established a leakage can be detected at once.

Q3. Why Are Separation Membranes Used Between Concrete Pavement Slab And Sub-base?

The motive of separation membrane between the concrete pavement slab and the sub-base are as follows:

The separation membrane reduces the frictional forces among the concrete slabs and the sub-base. The membrane aids the motion of the concrete slab in reference to the sub-base when adjustments in the level of the moisture and temperature happens.

It aids in the segregation of sub-base substances from freshly positioned concrete.

The separation membrane also facilitates inside the reduction of cement and water loss within the shape of immature concrete. Immature concrete significantly affects the strength of the concrete. It additionally affects the sturdiness of it. 

A properly example of a separation membranes is polythene sheeting that's typically used.

Q4. How Can You Distinguish Between Sorption, Absorption And Adsorption?

Sorption is a concomitant phenomenon of adsorption and absorption.

Adsorption describes the phenomenon wherein molecules which are found in a fluid (liquid or gas), concentrated spontaneously on a stable surface by means of a finite time.

Q5. Which Is Stronger Solid Steel Rod Or Hollow Steel Pipe?

On a per pound basis, metal pipe is more potent in bending and is less in all likelihood to buckle in axial compression.

Q6. Why Is The Use Of Granular Sub-base In Concrete Carriageways Not Preferred, Explain?

Some of the motives why granular sub-base isn't preferred in concrete carriageways:

Sub bases are permeable and hence water can seep thru them without difficulty. The soil debris get pumped out via the joints at the application of site visitors masses. This effects inside the advent of voids underneath the pavement structure. This leads to the weakening of the concrete surface and it could crack without difficulty upon severe site visitors masses.

Instead if lean concrete is used for carriageways it substantially increases the strength of the roads and the burden wearing potential of the roads is increased.

Sub-bases implementation calls for plenty of workmhip which could cause an un-uniform distribution of the sub-base. This can lead to the cracking of the carriageway while there's severe site visitors loading.

Q7. In The Roof Of A Pumping Station Explain Briefly The Components Of A Waterproofing System?

The additives of an ordinary waterproofing gadget on the roof of a pumping station are as follows:

Right above the structural end degree of the roof ( concrete ) a uniform thickness screed is carried out that allows you to facilitate the application of the waterproofing membrane. The surface provide for the membrane ought to constantly possess properly brotherly love houses and should be thin that allows you to prevent any un-uniformity. This skinny layer additionally acts as a layer of thermal insulation.

Right above this residue the waterproofing membrane is deployed to cozy the water tightness of the roof.

In order to decorate the thermal insulation of the roof an insulation board is someday positioned proper above the water resistant membrane. The insulation board facilitates within the preservation of a solid temperature in each weathers.

Q8. What Is Braced Excavation All About?

Excavations are braced to save you the cave-in of surrounding volatile soil.

Q9. Why Should Curing Not Be Done By Ponding And Polythene Sheets?

The primary motive of curing is to reduce the warmth lack of concrete this is freshly positioned to the environment and in an effort to lessen the temperature gradient across the go-phase of the concrete. Ponding isn't always preferred for curing as this method of thermal curing is significantly affected by cold winds.

In addition to that during ponding big amounts of water is used and must be disposed off from the construction sites. Polythene sheets are used on the basis that it creates an hermetic surroundings across the concrete floor henceforth lowering the possibilities of evaporation over clean concrete surfaces. But using polythene can be a drawback as it may be effortlessly blown away by way of winds and additionally the water misplaced through self-desiccation cannot be replenished.

Q10. Why Are Steel Plates Inserted Inside Bearings In Elastomeric Bearings?

In order to make a elastomeric bearing act/ characteristic as a gentle spring it have to be made to permit it to bulge laterally and also the stiffness compression may be expanded by using absolutely growing the proscribing quantity of the lateral bulging. In many instances so as to growth the compression stiffness of the bearing the usage of metal plates is made. Once metallic plates are covered inside the bearings the freedom of the bulge is restricted dramatically, additionally the deflection of the bearing is decreased in comparison to a bearing without the presence of metallic plates. The tensile stresses of the bearings are brought about into the metal plates. But the presence of the steel plates does now not have an effect on the shear stiffness of the bearings.

Q11. Describe Briefly The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Plastic And Timber Fenders?

The benefits and disadvantages of using plastic fenders are as follows:

Plastic fenders are low in energy with a particularly excessive resistance to abrasion. Plastic fenders are immune to chemical and biological attacks. Plastic fenders have moderate electricity absorption ability. The berthing reactions are also relatively slight and depends getting ready to contact. Also since they are made from recycled cloth they're environmental pleasant.

The benefits and downsides of the use of wood fenders are:

wood fenders are low in power and are very liable to marine borer assaults and rotting. The power absorption capability could be very low. Also normally the contact strain between the vessels and the fender are high.

Q12. What Are The Different Type Of Slump Test Indications?

Slump exams are carried out to empirically measure the paintings ability of clean concrete. It is used to degree the consistency of the concrete. In trendy there are 3 exclusive sorts of slumps that arise in slump checks. They are as follows:

True Slump: This kind of hunch is characterized via the overall drop of the concrete mass flippantly with out seen signs of deterioration or disintegration. 

Shear Slump: It indicates that the concrete blend is poor in cohesion. This sort of stoop leads to segregation and bleeding. Henceforth in the long run effecting the sturdiness of the concrete. 

Collapse Slump: This sort of hunch is shows that the combination of concrete is certainly too wet. The blend is considered to be harsh and lean.

Q13. Under What Circumstances Should Pot Bearings Be Used Instead Of Elastomeric Bearings?

Pot bearings are favored over elastomeric bearings in situations wherein there are probabilities of excessive vertical loads in mixtures of very huge perspective of rotations. Elastomeric bearings usually require a huge bearing surface in order that a compression is maintained among the contact surfaces in among the piers and the bearings. This isn't always feasible to maintained in excessive load and rotation surroundings. Also the use of elastomeric bearings leads to the uneven distribution of pressure at the piers. This effects in some surprisingly prompted stresses to be targeted on the piers henceforth unfavorable them. Due to the above motives pot bearings are preferred over elastomeric bearings in such cases.

Q14. Why Should Pumping Be Not Used In Case Of Concreting Works?

During the pumping operation the pump exerted strain ought to triumph over any friction between the pumping pipes and the concrete, also the burden of the concrete and the strain head while the concrete is placed above the pumps. Since handiest water is pump able, all of the strain generated is by the water that is gift in the concrete. The principal problem because of pumping are segregation results and bleeding. In order to rectify and decrease those effects, generally the percentage of the cement is expanded on the way to boom the brotherly love , which results in the reduction of segregation and bleeding. Also if a proper choice of the aggregate grading can hugely enhance the concrete pump potential.

Q15. Discuss Some Applications Of Modular Elasticity?

As the time period implies, "Modulus of Elasticity” pertains to the pliancy or "flexibility" of a material. The value of modulus of elasticity is very plenty significant regarding deflection of sure materials used inside the construction enterprise. Take for instance the overall E price of moderate carbon steel is about 200 GPA comPAred to approximately 70 GPA for aluminum. This sincerely trlate that aluminum is three times flexible than metallic.

Q16. Why Is Propping Required For Long Structures Once The Form Work Is Removed?

Once the process of concreting is performed the placing of the formworks ought to be completed as quickly as possible as delay on this process can result in the discoloration of the concrete systems. In case of long systems particularly lengthy span structures once the structures have attained enough electricity to support themselves it's far crucial to offer them with propping as creep deflection can take area that can significantly reduce the integrity of the structure.

Due to the above noted motives propping ought to be achieved after the removal of formwork. Also the props need to now not be made to stand lengthy as it can result in overstress for the structures.

Q17. What Is Modular Elasticity?

Young's modulus (E) describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform alongside an axis whilst opposing forces are implemented along that axis; it's miles described as the ratio of tensile strain to tensile strain. It is often referred to genuinely because the elastic modulus.

Q18. What Reinforcements Are Used In The Process Of Prestressing?

The most important forms of reinforcements used in prestressing are:

Spalling Reinforcement: The spalling stresses ends in strain in the back of the loaded vicinity of the anchor blocks. This effects inside the breaking off of the surface concrete. The most in all likelihood causes of such sorts of stresses are Poisson`s outcomes strain interoperability or by the pressure trajectory shapes.

Equilibrium reinforcements: This type of reinforcements are required wherein several anchorages exist in which the prestressing hundreds are carried out in a sequential way.

Bursting Reinforcements: These sorts of stresses arise in cases where the strain trajectories are concave in the direction of the line of motion of load. In order to lessen such stresses reinforcements within the shape of bursting is needed.

Q19. What Is The Tallest Man Made Structure In The World?

The tallest man made structure is the KVLY-TV mast that is 2063 toes tall. The worlds tallest guy made shape is Burj Dubai that is 800 meter tall.

Q20. How Do You Measure Concrete?

Cubic toes, Cubic yards, Cubic Meter.

Q21. Describe Briefly The Various Methods Of Concrete Curing?

Curing is the process of retaining the moisture and temperature situations for freshly deployed concrete. This is achieved for small period of time to allow the hardening of concrete. The techniques which can be involved in saving the shrinkage of the concrete consists of:

Spraying of water: on walls, and columns may be cured via sprinkling water. 

Wet protecting of floor: can be cured by using the use of the floor with moist gunny luggage or straw

Ponding: the horizontal surfaces along with the slab and flooring may be cured by way of stagnating the water.

Steam curing: of pre-fabricated concrete units steam can be cured by way of passing it over the devices which are below closed chambers. It lets in quicker curing procedure and outcomes in faster healing. 

Application of curing compounds: compounds having calcium chloride can be applied on curing surface. This continues the surface wet for a very long time.

Q22. Explain The Mechanism Of Cavitations In Pipes And Drains?

The formation of air bubbles in a fluid because of low pressure situations lower than the saturation stress is referred to as cavitations. This is taken into consideration to be a high ability harm situation where the energy and sturdiness of the pipes may be significantly reduced. Cavitation works on the precept of Bernoulli's Equation.

When fluids are at excessive velocities the strain head of fluids lessen consequently. But because the fluid stress is decrease than the saturation strain the dissolved gases get released from the flowing fluid. These air bubbles all at once crumble on coming into a place of excessive pressure. This results in the harm of the pipelines as a high level of dynamic strain is created.

Q23. Why Are Pull-out Tests Performed For Soil Nails?

Pull out exams are performed for primarily the subsequent motives:

In order to stumble on and the verification of the bond power most of the soil and the grout adopted throughout the layout of soil nails. This is taken into consideration to be as the number one objective of performing pull out checks for soil nails.

For the detection of any slippage or incidence of creeps.

To discover the elastic and deformations (plastic) of any of the take a look at nails employed. Observations are made at some point of the loading and unloading cycles of the soil nails repetitively.

To obtain the right stability the take a look at nails should usually be loaded in order that the final soil/grout combination with an higher restriction of eighty%.

Q24. What Are The Uses Of Alloys In Daily Life And How Are Alloys Made?

Alloying isn't always always finished to produce a 'superior' material, however to provide substances having a preferred requirement in the industry or some other place. A traditional case is of lead solder (containing lead & tin), wherein the melting point of the constituent factors are diminished, now not necessarily a perfect property.

Alloying may be accomplished the use of hot press technique (a sheet of fabric is sandwiched with alloying fabric), rolling the heated base steel in a drum complete of alloying metal powder, using hot spraying, galvanizing (dipping the base in a molten answer of alloying fabric) and many others. Sometimes the alloying cloth is brought in small proportions to the molten base metallic (e.G., in manufacturing of different styles of steel).

Q25. What Are The Steps Involved In The Concreting Process, Explain?

Batching: The manner of dimension of the exclusive materials for the making of concrete is known as batching. Batching is typically achieved in two methods: quantity batching and weight batching. In case of extent batching the measurement is completed inside the shape of quantity while in the case of weight batching it's far achieved by the weight.

Mixing: In order to create right concrete the integration of the materials must be first performed in dry situation and after it wet circumstance. The  general techniques of blending are: hand mixing and device blending.

Trportation and placing of concrete: Once the concrete aggregate is created it must be trported to its final location. The concrete is positioned on form works and have to always be dropped on its very last area as carefully as viable.

Compaction of concrete: When concrete is placed it is able to have air bubbles entrapped in it that may result in the discount of the strength through 30%. In order to reduce the air bubbles the procedure of compaction is accomplished. Compaction is usually done in two approaches: by hand or through using vibrators.

Q26. What Is The Meaning Of Soil Reinforcement?

Soil reinforcement is the act of enhancing soil strength to permit it assist or deliver greater load.

Two not unusual examples are:

Mixing a soil modification consisting of lime into weak clayey soil and re-comPActing to enhance soil-bearing caPAcity (frequently carried out below the road base in motorway creation)

Installing plastic or composite webbing layers (called geo-grid cloth) alternating with comPActed soil to produce a stronger sloped soil shape (regularly accomplished on steep roadway embankments to improve power and stability)

Q27. In Block Work Seawalls What Is The Purpose Of Slip Joints?

Joints which are shaped from the cope stage to the toe degree of seawalls through a complete vertical aircraft are referred to as slip joints. Such joints are designed so that it will manage the differential settlements among the seawalls adjoining panels. In the slip joints the aggregates in the half-rounds channels permits some vertical actions.

These vertical actions are triggered via differential settlements. This allows within the interlocking of the adjoining panels of the seawalls to hyperlink the panels in a single unit towards the earth stress ( lateral ) that's exerted on the seawalls.

Q28. What Is Aggregate?

Aggregate is the component of a composite cloth used to face up to compressive stress.

Q29. For What Purpose Bedding Is Used Under Storm Water Drains, Explain?

Beddings are more often than not made from granular or concrete materials. They are broadly speaking used for the subsequent purposes:

They are used to provide a more uniform aid for the beneath pipes so that the bending second longitudinally can be reduced substantially. 

In order to allow the pipes to get greater load-supporting electricity.

They also are used to behave as a platform to reap a extra correct alignment and degree pre and post construction.

In case of pipes which contain spigot and socket joints, it permits pipes to get supported alongside pipe lengths in region of sockets. Otherwise it can result in uneven stress being prompted at the pipes ultimately adverse it.

Q30. How Are Freeway Bridges Built?

After calculating the anticiPAted site visitors for the bridge, cement/bolstered- with- rebar stanchions are sPAced over the throughway to deal with the bridge. An 'off-ramp' from the expressway to the bridge is constructed, as is an 'on-ramp' to the subsequent street. Cement/rebar slabs are constructed and lifted with cranes to form the platform, and voila! Drive cautiously.

Although the bridge deck/roadway is almost always a concrete slab, the structure that holds up the bridge deck can be bolstered concrete, structural metal, or a mixture of metal and urban.

Q31. During Reclamation How Can The Occurrence Of Mud Waves Can Be Rectified?

There are several strategy to the rectification of the trouble of dust waves:

Complete removal of all of the disturbed dust: This technique can be considered to be one of the quickest methods. As soon as the disturbed mud is removed a few filling material is used to replace the disturbed dust. But economically this method may be steeply-priced as compared to others.

Accelerated consolidation of disturbed mud: In this approach surcharging loads are located on pinnacle of the mud waves. Along with this band drains are installed to accelerate the consolidation system. This method is quite slow as compared to the alternative strategies.

Partial removal of the disturbed dust: This approach is the hybrid of the above two methods in which the top layer is removed while the decrease level is treated with the surcharging method.

Q32. What Are The Different Approaches In Designing The Floors Of The Service Reservoirs?

In popular there are  essential methods of designing the reservoir floors to save you leakage of water due to seasonal and shrinkage actions:

In this approach the motion joints of the reservoir floor panels are such that the unfastened expion and contraction of the panels takes place. Every panel is isolated from the opposite panels and two panels have a sliding layer between them to assist in sliding.

The 2nd approach does not offer any room without spending a dime movement. With seasonal and shrinkage moves, a few cracks are designed to voluntarily arise on the floors of the carrier reservoirs. These tiny cracks are spread all through the floor and are in reality too minute to cause any leakage or corrosion of the flooring. But the difference also on this method is that the amount of reinforcement used is a good deal extra than the first method.

Q33. What Is The Difference Between Routing Maintenance And Major Maintenance In School Facilities?

The recurring maintenance is the minor and consistent rePAirs that are engaged in the college premises. Examples should include PAinting, alternative of furnishings, louver blades, furniture rePAirs, and PAtching cracks inside the college homes.

The essential upkeep may also be a total rehabilitation of the college, both faculty buildings or another task inside the college community. It can be overall restructuring of the lights device inside the school or sanitary machine.

Q34. Explain Why Concrete Barriers Have Curved Surface Profiles?

The concrete safety fencings are made to incorporate automobiles of their carriageway being travelled so one can lessen the possibilities of rebounding into the roads main to more risks. In the case of ordinary fencings upon vehicle crashes the fencings supply away which will take in as an awful lot strength as feasible henceforth reducing the effect at the automobiles.

But inside the case of concrete obstacles their cause is not to absorb electricity of automobiles crashing into the barrier however to maintain them. They have a curved design that allows you to permit the vehicles that hit them to barely pass up on the barrier however now not overturn. They additionally prevent the vehicle from once more getting back on the street by using rebounds. This helps in vastly lowering the chances of different vehicle risks.

Q35. What Is Difference Between Engineering Stress And True Stress?

Think approximately pulling a bar in tension.  Load divided by cross-sectional place is force, or pressure.  But what go segment are you considering?  Before beginning  pull, the bar had a acknowledged go-section of (lets say) 0.Five" wide x metal thickness.  It's smooth to degree these, considering the fact that it is your beginning cloth.  At any load, the engineering stress is the burden divided by using this preliminary pass- place.  While you are pulling, the duration increases, but the width and thickness shrink.  

At any load, the actual stress is the burden divided by the cross-location at that instant.  Unless thickness and width are being monitored constantly for the duration of the check, you cannot calculate true stress.  It is, but, a much higher representation of the way the fabric behaves as it is being deformed, and is the reason its use in forming simulations.  In circle grid evaluation, engineering pressure is the % expion of the circle as compared to the  preliminary diameter of the circle.  The relationships between engineering values and real values are:  

σ = s (1+e)    ε = ln (1+e)

Where "s" and "e" are the engineering pressure and stress, respectively, and " " and " " are the true pressure and pressure, respectively.

Q36. What Is The Difference Between Absorption & Adsorption And Sorption?

Absorption usually refers to two phenomena, which can be in large part unrelated. In one case, it refers to whilst atoms, molecules, or ions enter a few bulk segment - gasoline, liquid or strong cloth. For instance, a sponge absorbs water whilst it is dry.

Absorption additionally refers to the process by which the electricity of a photon is taken up with the aid of another entity, as an example, via an atom whose valence electrons make trition among two electronic energy stages. The photon is destroyed in the manner. The absorbed strength can be re-emitted as radiant electricity or trformed into warmness electricity. The absorption of light all through wave proPAgation is regularly referred to as attenuation. The equipment of spectroscopy in chemistry are primarily based at the absorption of photons by using atoms and molecules.

Adsorption is comparable, but refers to a surface rather than a quantity: adsorption is a method that takes place when a fuel or liquid solute accumulates at the surface of a strong or, extra rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorb-ate). It isn't like absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution.

Q37. In Reclamation Works What Are The Importance Of Geotextiles And Sand?

The primary purposes of geotextiles and sand in reclamation works are as follows:

Geotextiles: They are used to split the marine dust from the reclamation fill. Also geotextiles are used as reinforcements in reclamation procedures to boom its stability. It continues to be debated as to whether or not the usage of geotextiles is higher or are the old processes accompanied are better because the performance has no longer been comparable to the traditional techniques.

Sand: In reclamation process sand is used to spread the load of any future public dumps located on pinnacle of it. Sand additionally acts as a drainage for the excess pore water strain of band drain installations.

Q38. In Case If Concrete Box Girder Bridges How Is The Number Of Cells Determined?

When the depth of a box girder bridge exceed 1/sixth or 1/5th of the bridge width then the layout recommended is that of a unmarried cellular field girder bridge. But in case the intensity of the bridge is lower than 1/6th of the bridge width then a dual-mobile or in some instances a couple of cellular is the preferred desire. One must also observe that even in the cases of wider bridges in which there depths are comparatively low the wide variety of cells need to be minimized. This is in order there may be extraordinarily no longer much improvement inside the trverse load distribution while the range of cells of the box girder is better than 3 or more.

Q39. What Is The Worlds Largest Concrete Dam?

The Grand Coulee Dam is stated to be the most important concrete dam. Currently the sector's largest concrete dam is the Itaipu Dam, an accomplishment of  neighboring nations, Brazil and PAraguay in South America.

Though it isn't completed yet, the Three Gorges (or Sandapong) Dam at the Yangtze River in China will take over as the biggest upon its of entirety, that is slated for 2009.