Interview Questions.

Question 1. What Is Adsl?

Answer :

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line is a excessive-pace Internet access carrier that makes use of your smartphone line to ship and receive Internet facts at plenty quicker speeds than a traditional dial-up connection. With ADSL you're connected to the Internet 24 hours an afternoon (“Always On”). You not want to dial up to open your Internet connection. You can also make and receive smartphone calls while on-line. This is because the ADSL sign operates on a virtual frequency, even as the voice indicators (smartphone communique), perform on an analogue frequency. Voice statistics and Internet records can, therefore, journey along the road concurrently. The "asymmetric" in ADSL refers back to the fact that the records being received by your pc from the Internet (downstream facts / downloading), travels at a faster pace than information traveling out of your pc to the Internet (upstream statistics / uploading). 

Most preferred customers will download extra information than they may upload, so the slower upstream speed isn't always a trouble. For instance, when you click on on a hyperlink, your browser sends some characters upstream to request the page that the link points to, and the web page then comes downstream (downloads) in your PC so that you can see it.

Question 2. How Does Adsl Works?

Answer :

The telephone system changed into in the beginning designed to carry the voice along copper telephone wires. The voice is converted into small electric pulses which tour along the smartphone wires. These electric powered pulses are then converted back into sound at the alternative cease, so the other person can hear you. This happens in both directions so you may have a communique.

ADSL also works thru the copper wires of your cellphone line. However, Internet facts travels along the wires at a different frequency to the voice alerts. When ADSL is installed a micro-clear out is plugged into your telephone connection which separates the frequency of voice indicators (telephone line) from that of your Internet information (broadband connection) and it's miles this that permits you to surf the web and talk at the smartphone at the identical time.

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Question three. What Is The Speed Of Adsl?

Answer :

ADSL is rapid. Compared to a dial-up modem, which does 56 kbits per second downstream, ADSL is up to ten instances quicker. That way that a huge down load that might take ten mins on a dial-up modem will show up in around a minute on ADSL.

Question four. What Are The Reasons To Get Low Speed Broadband?

Answer :

Quality of your telephone line - regions with higher copper wiring can achieve quite quicker DSL speeds.
Length of the telephone line among the residence and the phone enterprise hub (change hub). DSL era is "distance touchy" - its overall performance decreases notably as you get further far from this hub.
Service system faults. While commonly a steady, DSL speed can abruptly drop if the provider provider has technical difficulty with their network.
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Question 5. What Are The Factors That You Can Control Directly To Increase Your Dsl Speed From Your End?

Answer :

Spyware on computer(s). Even while the DSL community may be performing at complete pace, adware applications may be ingesting the bandwidth.  Anti-spyware programs should be run often on networks to prevent this hassle.
Wireless router. Routers sit between your computer systems and the Internet connection. If not functioning properly, a router can greatly restrict the DSL pace. Temporarily connecting a computer without delay to the Internet can assist perceive this case.
Slow wi-fi community connection. In excessive instances, a totally gradual Wi-Fi connection between a computer and a wi-fi domestic community will no longer maintain tempo with the rate of the DSL Internet connection. Improving the great of the Wi-Fi connection will solve this problem.
Old computer(s). Very antique computers missing enough processing electricity or memory can't hold pace with a excessive-pace DSL connection. You can verify this hassle by way of comparing the DSL velocity among computer systems in your property or purchase a brand new laptop.
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Question 6. What Is Line Attenuation?

Answer :

Attenuation is the loss of signal over distance:

* 20bB. And under = Outstanding
* 20dB-30dB. = Excellent
* 30dB-40dB. = Very Good
* 40dB-50dB. = Good
* 50dB-60dB. = Poor and may experience connectivity problems
* 60dB. And above = Bad and could revel in connectivity troubles
Line attenuation also influences your speed:

* seventy five dB+: Out of range for broadband
* 60-75 dB: max speed up to 512kbps
* forty three-60dB: max accelerate to 1Mbps
* 0-42dB: accelerate to 2Mbps+
Question 7. What Is Snr?

Answer :

Signal-to-noise method the level of a desired signal to the extent of historical past noise. It is defined because the ratio of sign electricity to the noise power, frequently expressed in (dB).

6dB or below noise margin is horrific, it'll enjoy no synch or intermittent synch issues.
7dB-10dB is honest but does not depart lots room for variances in situations.
11dB-20dB is right with little or no synch troubles (if no massive variation).
20dB-28dB is superb.
29dB or above is splendid.
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Question eight. What Is Sla?

Answer :

Service Level Agreement, a settlement among a Provider and the Client which commits the Provider to a required level of service. An SLA ought to incorporate a detailed level of provider, help options, penalty provisions for offerings now not furnished, a assured level of system overall performance as pertains to downtime or uptime, a special level of customer service and what software program or hardware may be furnished and for what charge.

Question nine. What Is The Difference Between Pppoe And Bridge Mode?

Answer :

PPPoE mode:

User identity and password stored within the Modem.
Multiple PCs can be related. For instance maximum of the fundamental ADSL Modems having at least one ADSL port and one USB port. In PPPoE mode, can connect one PC to Ethernet port and one PC to USB port which allow simultaneous internet usage in both the PCs.
PPPoE mode is greater secured.
NAT may be enabling in PPPoE mode.
Bridge Mode:

In bridge mode consumer identity and password to be entered within the dialer of laptop.
Only single PC may be related.
Less secured due to the fact all of the ports are open want correct firewall to keep away from virus infection.
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Question 10. What Is Last Mile?

Answer :

In telecommunications technology, connectivity between the customer’s houses to the cellphone organisation via Copper cable referred to as remaining mile.

Question 11. What Is Leased Line?

Answer :

A everlasting telephone connection between two points installation with the aid of a telecommunications commonplace provider. Typically, leased lines are used by organizations to connect long remote offices. Unlike ordinary dial-up connections, a leased line is continually lively. The charge for the connection is excessive. Because the relationship would not convey all of us else's communications, the provider can guarantee a given degree of nice.

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Question 12. What Is The Function Of Bras Or Bng?

Answer :

Aggregates the circuits from one or greater hyperlink get admission to gadgets which include DSLAM.
Provides layer 2 connectivity thru both transparent bridging or PPP sessions over Ethernet or ATM periods.
Enforces first-rate of service (QoS) guidelines.
Provides layer 3 connectivity and routes IP site visitors through an Internet provider provider’s backbone network to the Internet.
Release Public ip to the subscriber.
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Question 13. What It The Function Of Dslam?

Answer :

The DSLAM equipment collects the records from its many modem ports and aggregates their voice and statistics site visitors into one complicated composite "signal" through multiplexing. Depending on its device architecture and setup, a DSLAM aggregates the DSL strains over its Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), frame relay, and/or Internet Protocol network (i.E., an IP-DSLAM the usage of PTM-TC [Packet Transfer Mode - Transmission Convergence]) protocol(s) stack.

The DSLAM acts like a transfer when you consider that its capability is at Layer 2 of the OSI model. Therefore it cannot re-route site visitors between more than one IP networks, simplest between ISP devices and stop-user connection factors. The DSLAM visitors is switched to BRAS where the end person site visitors is then routed across the ISP network to the Internet.

Question 14. Explain Broadband Call Flow?

Answer :

When the PPPoE consumer is dialed, the PPPoE customer announces a PPPoE Active Discovery Initiation (PADI) message to BNG.
The BNG that obtain the PADI message reply with a PPPoE Active Discovery Offer (PADO) message advertising and marketing the domains and contexts they help if configured to market it.
The PPPoE Client sends a PPPoE Active Discovery Request (PADR) message to the BNG.
The BNG receives the PADR message and prepares to bring up the PPP consultation.  Then responds with PPPoE Active Discovery Session-Confirmation (PADS) message advertising PPPoE consultation ID.
The PPPoE Client sends PPP LCP Configuration Request message advertising to BNG.
The BNG responds with PPP LCP Configuration Ack if PPP parameters are proper.
The BNG then sends PPP CHAP Challenge to PPPoE Client.
The PPPoE Client responds with PPP CHAP Response.
The BNG sends Access-Request packet to AAA Server with the consultation’s PPP username and CHAP password.
  AAA sever respond Access-Accept to BNG and BNG will release public ip to the subscriber.
Question 15. What Is The Difference Between Pppoe And Pppoa?

Answer :

Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) and Point to Point Protocol over ATM (PPPoA) are each technologies that offer a company the opportunity to roll out broadband offerings. This document will display why PPPoE should be chosen over PPPoA.

Advantages of a each PPPoE & PPPoA based totally broadband service:

End person authentication to the community, forces the give up person to authenticate to AAA server before being allowed get right of entry to to the network.
Billing options, offers the provider the capability to provide distinct billing alternatives, with the aid of time, by using records, limitless or by using offerings purchased.
IP address conservation, a company can limit the variety of IPs a particular person can acquire or can pressure a person off the connection at will.
Trouble shooting, a provider can effortlessly inform what users are on or off on a consistent with consumer foundation.
Scalable, all authentication, authorization, and accounting may be handled for each consumer the use of current AAA server.
Invisible to stop user, each can be incorporated inside the Customer Premise Equipment CPE making the connection system invisible to the quit person – though we do recommend they live off the CPE but it is without difficulty executed and PPPoA is historically simplest on the CPE.
Service Selection both can be used to offer more than one services and provider selection.
Negatives of PPPoA:

Only a single consultation according to CPE may be established. In PPPoE we offer the capability to log in to a couple of services or create more than one sessions all on the identical time over the equal line.
CPE setup and get right of entry to, in fashionable PPPoA must be configured at the CPE itself, PPPoA software program isn't always to be had on structures. Either the CPE have to support PPPoE or an ATM community interface ought to be hooked up inside the PC. ATM community interface playing cards are costly and both can be tough for an stop person to configure. Once an give up consumer has the potential to configure the CPE it opens up the trouble for incorrect configurations making trouble shooting via the provider very difficult ensuing in increased help charges.
Positives of PPPoE:

Brand control, with the aid of having the purchaser use software to log on and stale they pressure the consumer to peer the providers emblem, emblem or agency name. Word of mouth is the strongest shape of marketing.
Increased revenue possibilities, with PPPoE we are able to offer the capacity to log in to multiple offerings or create more than one classes all on the equal time over the identical line.
Ease of guide, PPPoE software has troubleshooting and assist documents built in to the utility. If an error happens the error message can be present to the cease consumer with a possible resolution preventing the purchaser from ever having to name the provider for assist. In PPPoA the whole lot is completed inside the CPE that means when a problem happens the most effective notification is lighting on the CPE which tell a consumer nothing.
End User Familiarity, patron side software gift customers with the acquainted appearance and experience of dial-up which if purchasing a broadband carrier means they're almost one hundred% acquainted with the dial-up look and sense decreasing their studying curve to apply the new service.
Works in present environment, if a provider already offers an Ethernet based provider PPPoE can be implements without changing the existing CPE, as mentioned above PPPoA desires an ATM interface.
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