Interview Questions.

Question 1. What Is Instrument?

Answer :

It is a tool for determining the cost or importance of a amount or variable.

Question 2. List Three Sources Of Possible Errors In Instruments.?

Answer :

Gross Error, Systematic or Random mistakes.

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Question three. Define Instrumental Error?

Answer :

These are the mistakes inherent in measuring instrument because of their mechanical structure.

Question 4. Define Limiting Error?

Answer :

Components are guaranteed to be with in a sure percent of rated cost. Thus the producer has to specify the deviations from the nominal price of a particular quantity.

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Question five. Define Probable Error?

Answer :

It is described as r = ± 0.6745s wherein s is widespread deviation.
Probable errors has been used in experimental paintings to a degree in beyond, but wellknown deviation is extra convenient in statistical paintings.

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Question 6. Define Environmental Error?

Answer :

These are because of situations inside the measuring device, which includes conditions inside the location surrounding the tool, consisting of the results of changes in temperature,humidity.

Question 7. Define Units.?

Answer :

It is necessary to outline a bodily amount both in kind and importance so that it will use this facts for further court cases. The preferred degree of each kind of physical amount is called because the unit.

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Question 8. Define Standards?

Answer :

The bodily embodiment of a unit of size is a popular. For instance, the essential unit of mass within the international device is the kilogram and defined as the mass of a cubic decimeter of water at its temperature of maximum density of four°c.

Question 9. Mention The Purpose Of The Measurement.?

Answer :

To recognize an occasion or an operation.
To display an occasion or an operation.
To control an occasion or an operation.
To collect records for future analysis
To validate an engineer layout.
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Question 10. What Are The Methods Of Measurement?

Answer :

Direct assessment approach
Indirect comparison method
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Question 11. Define Odds?

Answer :

The specification of proscribing error is in itself uncertain due to the fact the manufacture himself isn't sure approximately the accuracy because of the presence of random mistakes.

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Question 12. Define Transducer And Give An Example.?

Answer :

Transducer is a device which convert one shape of electricity into electric power. A thermocouple converts warmness energy into electric voltage.

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Question 13. What Is Primary Transducer?

Answer :

Bourdon tube performing as a number one transducer, senses the stress and convert the strain into displacement. No output is given to the enter of the bourdon tube. So it is referred to as number one transducer. Mechanical tool can act as a number one transducer.

Question 14. What Is Secondary Transducer?

Answer :

The output of the Bourdon tube is given to the enter of the LVDT. There are  stages of transduction, firstly the stress is transformed into a displacement through the Bourdon tube then the displacement is transformed into analog voltage with the aid of LVDT. Here LVDT is referred to as secondary transducer. Electrical tool can act as a secondary transducer.

Question 15. What Is Passive Transducer?

Answer :

In the absence of external strength, transducer can't work and it's far referred to as a passive transducer. Example capacitive , inductive, resistance transducers.

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Question 16. What Is Active Transducer?

Answer :

In the absence of outside power, transducer can work and it's far known as active transducer. Example velocity, temperature, light can be transdued with the assist of active transducer.

Question 17. What Is Analog Transducer?

Answer :

These transducers convert the enter quantity into an analog output that's a non-stop characteristic of time. Thus a stress gauge, an LVDT, a thermocouple or a thermistors may be called analog transducer, as they give an output which is a continuous function of time.

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Question 18. Give The Classification Of Units.?

Answer :

1.Absolute devices
2.Fundamental and derived devices
3.Electromagnetic devices
four.Electrostatic devices

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Question 19. Define Primary Fundamental And Auxiliary Fundamental Units.?

Answer :

Fundamental devices in mechanics are measures of duration,mass and time and people are essential to maximum other physical quantities and therefore they're known as Primary fundamental units Measures of certain bodily quantities in thermal ,electrical and illumination fields also are represented via fundamental units and are used only wherein the ones disciplines are involved and subsequently referred to as auxiliary essential gadgets.

Question 20. Define Static Calibration.?

Answer :

It refers to a method wherein all of the inputs(favored,enhancing,interfering) besides one are kept at some steady values.

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Question 21. Define Traceability.?

Answer :

The ability to hint the accuracy of the standard back to its final source in essential standards of National Institute of Science and Technology is called “Traceability”.

Question 22. What Are Random Errors Or Residual Errors.?

Answer :

The happenings or disturbances approximately which we're unaware and lumped together are known as random errors or residual mistakes.Since these errors continue to be even after the systematic mistakes are taken care of,they're referred to as residual mistakes.

Question 23. Give One Property Of Piezo-electric powered Crystal.?

Answer :

When a pressure is applied to piezo-electric powered crystals ,they produce an output voltage.

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Question 24. Define An Inverse Transducer.Deliver An Example.?

Answer :

A device which converts an electrical amount into an non-electrical quantity.A piezo-electric crystal acts as a inverse transducer because whwn a voltage is carried out across its surfaces ,it adjustments its dimensions causing a mechanical displacement.

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Question 25. List The Factors Responsible In Selection Of A Transducer.?

Answer :

1.Operating principle
2.Sensitivity
three.Operating range.
4.Accuracy.

Question 26. Define Static Characteristics.?

Answer :

static characteristics of a measurement system are, in wellknown, those that should be taken into consideration when the system or device is used to measure a situation no longer various with time.

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Question 27. What Is Dynamic Characteristics?

Answer :

Many measurements are involved with hastily various quantities and , therefore, for such cases we ought to study the dynamic members of the family which exist between the output and the input . This is typically done with the help of differential equations . Performance criteria based totally upon dynamic members of the family constitute the Dynamic Characteristics.

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Question 28. Mention Different Types Dynamic Characteristics?

Answer :

Zero- order transducers
 First - order transducers
Second-order transducers
 Higher-order transducers
Question 29. What Are The Test Inputs Of The Transducer?

Answer :

Impulse input
 Step input
 Ramp enter
 Parabolic enter 
 Sinusoidal input
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Question 30. Define- Zero Order Transducer.?

Answer :

The input- output relationship of a zero- order transducer is given via

Y(t) = K r(t)

Where r(t) is the input, Y(t) is the output and K is the static – sensitivity of the transducer.

Example for zero- order transducer is a potentiometer.

Question 31. What Is Frequency Response Of Zot.?

Answer :

Frequency reaction is therefore described because the regular – country output of a transducer When it is excited with sinusoidal enter . The frequency response is represented with the help of two plots specifically amplitude radio verses frequency and segment perspective shift as opposed to frequency.

Question 32. What Is Damping Ratio?

Answer :

The damping ratioV is an essential parameter which comes to a decision the character of oscillation within the transducer output . Whilst V =0 , the second one – order machine is said to be un damped and the system behaves like an oscillator . When V =1 , the second – order system is said to be essential damped and while V >1 , the second one – order system is said to be over damped.

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Question 33. Compare Accuracy And Precision.?

Answer :

Accuracy is the closeness to true price while precision is the closeness amongst the readings .

Precision is the degree of closeness with which a given price can be repeatedly measured.

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Question 34. What Is Threshold?

Answer :

When the input to a transducer is elevated from 0, there's a minimal fee under which no output may be detected .This minimal cost of the input is described as the edge of the transducer.

Question 35. What Is Range And Span?

Answer :

The variety of the transducer is specified as from the lower fee of enter to higher price of enter.

The span of the transducer is targeted as the difference between the higher and decrease limits of advocated enter values.

Question 36. What Is Rise Time ?

Answer :

It is defined as time required for the machine to upward thrust from zero to a hundred percent of its very last value.

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Question 37. What Is Potentiometer?

Answer :

Basically a resistance potentiometer, or absolutely a POT, (a resistive potentiometer used for the functions of voltage division is called a POT) includes a resistive element supplied with a sliding contact. The POT is a passive transducer.

Question 38. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Potentiometer?

Answer :

Advantages : 

Inexpensive
Useful for measurement of huge amplitudes
Efficiency may be very excessive
Frequency response of wire wound potentiometers is constrained
Disadvantages :

Require a large pressure to transport

Question 39. What Are The Different Types Of Strain Gauge?

Answer :

Unbonded metallic pressure gauges
Bonded metal wire stress gauges
Bonded metal foil strain gauges
Vacuum deposited thin metallic movie strain gauges
Sputter deposited skinny steel strain gauges
Bonded semiconductor pressure gauges
Diffused steel stress gauges.
Question 40. What Are The Factors To Be Considered For Bonded Strain Gauge?

Answer :

Filament construction
Material of the filament twine
Base provider cloth or backing material
Cement used to bond the filament to the carrier
Lead wire connections.
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Question 41. What Is Inductance Transducer?

Answer :

Transducers primarily based at the variation of inductance are another group of importance gadgets used in lots of utility. In these transducers self inductance or the mutual of a couple of coils is modified whilst the amount to be measured is various.

Question 42. Mention Three Principles Of Inductance Transducer.?

Answer :

Change of self inductance
Change of mutual inductance
Production of eddy currents.
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Question forty three. What Is Lvdt?

Answer :

The Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is the maximum common mutual inductance element. This can be taken into consideration to be a flexible transducer element for most of the electromechanical measuring structures with regards to resolution, hysteresis, dynamic response, temperature characteristics, linearity and lifestyles.

Question 44. What Is Null Voltage?

Answer :

Ideally the output voltage at the null position ought to be equal to 0. However, in real exercise there exists a small voltage on the null function.

Question 45. Explain The Principle Of Induction Potentiometer?

Answer :

The primary is happy with alternating modern. This induces a voltage in to the secondary. The amplitude of this output voltage varies with the mutual inductance between the two coils and this varies with the perspective of rotation.

Question forty six. Explain The Principle Of Variable Reluctance Accelerometer?

Answer :

Another commonplace version of the variable reluctance principle. This is an accelerometer for measurement of accelerometer for dimension of acceleration within the variety ± 4g. Since the force required to boost up a mass is proportional to the acceleration.

Question 47. What Is The Principle Of Capacitive Transducer?

Answer :

Many commercial variables like displacement, stress, stage, moisture, thickness etc can be transduced into an electrical version the use of capacitance variation because the number one sensing precept.

Question 48. What Are The Advantages Of Capacitive Transducers?

Answer :

They require handiest small pressure to function.
Have an awesome frequency response.
Extremely touchy.
High input impedance
Question 49. What Are The Uses Of Capacitive Transducer?

Answer :

it Can be used for dimension of linear and angular displacement. Can be used for dimension of force and pressure.  It can be used as pressure transducer.  Measurement of humidity in gases.  Commonly used for size of degree, density, weight.

Question 50. What Is Digital Transducer?

Answer :

These transducer convert enter quantity into an electrical output that's inside the form of pulses.

Question fifty one. What Is Piezoelectric Transducer?

Answer :

They convert pressure or force into electric charge. These transducers are based totally upon the herbal phenomenon of sure non-steel and di-electric powered components.

Question 52. What Are The Suitable Materials For Piezo Electric Transducer?

Answer :

Primary quartz, Rochelle salt, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP), and ceramics with barium titanate, dipotassium tartrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and lithium sulfate.

Question 53. What Are The Suitable Materials For Magnetostrictive Transducer?

Answer :

Iron , nickel, sixty eight permalloy, ferroxcube ect.

Question fifty four. What Is Magnetostrictive Transducer?

Answer :

The permeability can increase or decrease depending upon the material, type of pressure , and the magnetic flux density in the pattern.

Question 55. What Is Fibre Optic Transducer?

Answer :

Fibre optic cable consists of outer middle and internal cladding.Data is transmitted inside the shape of light.It is used for measuring displacement,torsion.

Question fifty six. Compare Digital Transducer With Analog.?

Answer :

Digital transducer deliver digital outputs. Analog transducers outputs are non-stop functions of time. If those analog transducers are to be interfaced with digital gadgets, then one has to use analog to virtual converters.

Question 57. What Is Piezoelectric Effect?

Answer :

A piezoelectric cloth is one wherein an electric ability appears throughout positive surfaces of a crystal if the scale of the crystal are changed by means of the software of the mechanical pressure.

Question 58. What Id Digitiser?

Answer :

Digital encoding transducer or digitiser, allow a linear or rotary displacement to be at once converted into digital shape without intermediate shape of analog to virtual (A/D) conversion.

Question fifty nine. What Is Zero Error Of The Transducer?

Answer :

In this case output deviates from the correct fee through a consistent aspect over the whole range of transducer.

Question 60. What Are The Disadvantages Of Capacitive Transducers?

Answer :

The metal components of the capacitive transducers have to be insulated from every other.
Non-linear behaviour.
This leads loading consequences.
The cable may be source of loading resulting lack of sensitivity.