Interview Questions.

Question 1. What Are The Types Of Satellite?

Answer :

Types of Satellite are as underneath:

Anti-Satellite guns/”Killer Satellites”
Astronomical satellites
Biosatellites
Communications satellites
Miniaturized satellites
Navigational satellites
Reconnaissance satellites
Earth statement satellites
Space stations
Tether satellites
Weather satellites
Question 2. How Do I Interpret Visible Satellite Pictures?

Answer :

The photographs despatched back to us from Weather Satellites are clearly photos taken from outer space. We get visible photos all through the daytime whilst the earth displays sunlight returned to outer space. Visible photos display the quantity of light reflected returned to outer area. Thick water rich clouds, inclusive of stratus (common alongside the North Coast at some point of Summer months), show up as shiny white on visible pix. Snow p.C. Over the Sierra Nevada throughout the Winter is another appropriate reflector of daylight. During the night, seen snap shots are absolutely black as there is very little or no seen mild to mirror!

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Question three. How Do I Interpret Infrared Satellite Pictures?

Answer :

Clouds and atmospheric gases inclusive of water vapor radiate infrared power to space. The amount of power radiated by clouds and gasses relates at once with its temperature. This courting, understand because the Stephan-Boltzmann Law, lets in us to “see” clouds at night time. The environment commonly cools with height. A cloud that radiates low power is better within the troposphere than a cloud that radiates better strength.

On a preferred linear enhancement curve, shiny white represent cold ice-crystal clouds, even as clouds coloured with light sunglasses of grey are heat water crammed clouds inside the mid and decrease troposphere. There are a number of enhancement curves that shade images of clouds based on temperature. These curves intensify temperature ranges that allow us to determine excessive clouds from mid and low clouds. At the lowest of every infrared image there's a key telling you the temperature range for that color. For instance, on the infrared images furnished on this web website, crimson represents cloud tops with a temperature of -40C which in a general environment is ready forty,000 toes.

Question four. How Do I Interpret Water Vapor Imagery?

Answer :

Water vapor inside the mid and top troposphere absorbs infrared energy at discrete wavelengths. Using this facts, water vapor can act like a tracer of atmospheric circulation in the mid and top troposphere. Dark areas on water vapor images are typically regions where the air is sinking and drying. Light coloured regions are areas of rising motion and moisture. Water vapor photographs are beneficial in finding jet streams and quick-wave troughs and ridges within the mid and higher troposphere, but are awful whilst seeking to see clouds near the ground which includes stratus.

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Question five. Where Can I Find The Time On Satellite Pictures? What Time Zone Is This?

Answer :

The date and time stamps are located at the top or bottom of each photograph, in conjunction with different information. For example, G-10 IMG 01 3 Jun 00 TIME=00:30UTC RES=4km NWS/WR=SSD, is a normal date-time stamp which seems on satellite photos. The date and time, colored blue inside the above example, is in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). UTC is likewise known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Zulu Time (Z). Along the West Coast, we're about 8 hours at the back of the UTC at some stage in Pacific Standard Time (PST).

During Daylight Saving Time (PDT), from mid April thru mid October, we're about7 hours in the back of the UTC. In the instance above, it’s June third 2000, half-hour beyond midnight in Greenwich England. In order to get local time, you subtract7 hours to get June 2d 2000, 5:30PM PDT. The subsequent calendar day has already started in Greenwich England!

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Question 6. What Is Anti-satellite tv for pc Weapon?

Answer :

Anti-satellite tv for pc guns (ASAT) are area weapons designed to incapacitate or wreck satellites for strategic military functions. Currently, most effective america, the former USSR (now Russia) and the People’s Republic of China are recognized to have advanced those guns. On September 13, 1985, the United States destroyed US satellite P78-1 using an ASM-a hundred thirty five ASAT anti-satellite tv for pc missile and malfunctioning US secret agent satellite USA-193 the use of a RIM-161 Standard Missile three on February 21, 2008. On January 11, 2007, China destroyed an antique Chinese orbiting weather satellite tv for pc.

Question 7. What Is Space Observatory?

Answer :

A space observatory is any device in outer area that is used for commentary of remote planets, galaxies, and different outer area items. This category is distinct from different observatories located in space which might be pointed towards the earth for the reason of reconnaissance and different types of information accumulating.

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Question eight. What Is Biosatellite?

Answer :

A biosatellite is a satellite designed to carry life in space.

NASA released three satellites specially named Biosatellite (1, 2 & three) among 1966 and 1969.

Biosatellites consist of:

Bion collection of satellites
the Mars Gravity Biosatellite.
Orbiting Frog Otolith
Question nine. What Is Communications Satellite?

Answer :

A communications satellite (now and again abbreviated to COMSAT) is an artificial satellite stationed in area for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use an expansion of orbits which includes geostationary orbits, Molniya orbits, other elliptical orbits and occasional (polar and non-polar) Earth orbits.

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Question 10. What Is Miniaturized Satellite?

Answer :

Miniaturized satellites or small satellites are artificial satellites of strangely low weights and small sizes, normally underneath 500 kg (1100 lb). While all such satellites can be known as small satellites, distinctive classifications are used to categorize them primarily based on mass.

Question 11. What Is Global Navigation Satellite System?

Answer :

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is the usual familiar time period for satellite navigation structures (“sat nav”) that provide self sustaining geo-spatial positioning with global insurance. GNSS lets in small electronic receivers to decide their place (longitude, range, and altitude) to within a few metres using time alerts transmitted alongside a line-of-sight via radio from satellites. Receivers calculate the ideal time in addition to function, which may be used as a reference for clinical experiments.

Question 12. What Is Spy Satellite?

Answer :

A secret agent satellite officially called a reconnaissance satellite is an Earth commentary satellite tv for pc or communications satellite deployed for navy or intelligence packages.

These are basically space telescopes which are pointed toward the Earth in preference to towards the celebs. The first generation kind took pix, then ejected canisters of photographic movie, which might descend to earth.

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Question thirteen. What Is Earth Observation Satellite?

Answer :

Earth statement satellites are satellites specifically designed to look at Earth from orbit, much like reconnaissance satellites however intended for non-army uses consisting of environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making and so forth. Geostationary satellites hover over the equal spot, offering non-stop monitoring to a part of the Earth’s surface. Polar orbiting satellites offer global insurance, however only twice according to day at any given spot.

Question 14. What Is Space Station?

Answer :

A area station is an synthetic structure designed for humans to live and work in outer area for a period of time.

To date, only low earth orbital (LEO) stations were applied, in any other case called orbital stations. A area station is distinguished from other manned spacecraft through its lack of predominant propulsion or landing facilities—as an alternative, different cars are used as transport to and from the station. Current and current-history space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit, for periods of weeks, months, or even years. The handiest area station presently in use is the International Space Station. Previous stations encompass the Almaz and Salyut series, Skylab and Mir.

Question 15. What Is Tether Satellite?

Answer :

Tether satellite tv for pc is a satellite tv for pc connected to every other by using a skinny cable referred to as a tether. The space tether idea had its beginning in the late 1800s. The concept became greater famous within the 1960s, and eventually NASA examined the feasibility of the concept and gave course to the look at of tethered systems, especially tethered satellites.

Question 16. Explain Weather Satellite?

Answer :

Weather Satellite is a type of satellite tv for pc that is frequently used to display the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites may be both polar orbiting, seeing the identical swath of the Earth each 12 hours, or geostationary, soaring over the same spot on Earth by orbiting over the equator while shifting at the rate of the Earths rotation. These meteorological satellites, but, see extra than clouds and cloud structures. City lights, fires, results of pollutants, auroras, sand and dirt storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, power flows, etc., are different sorts of environmental records amassed the usage of weather satellites.

Question 17. What Is A Satellite ?

Answer :

Circling the earth, excessive above our heads, satellites are messengers and observers within the sky. They relay phones calls, watch the weather, manual ships and aircrafts and carry out tasks which can be not possible on the floor.

Question 18. What Is Satellite Meteorology ?

Answer :

Satellite Meteorology refers to the take a look at of earth's surroundings and oceans the use of information received from remote sensing devices flown onboard satellites orbiting the earth. Satellite make measurements circuitously through sensing electromagnetic radiations coming from the surfaces under.

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Question 19. What Is Satellite Orbit ?

Answer :

A satellite tv for pc's orbit is the curved path it follows around earth. The pull of gravity is more potent towards the earth, so a satellite tv for pc in a low orbit have to travel quicker than one in a geostationary orbit.

Question 20. Geostationary Orbit ?

Answer :

Satellite in a circular orbit approximately 36000 km above the equator move in time with earth. Satellites in this orbit are known as geostationary because they are desk bound with admire to the earth and seem like constant in sky.

Question 21. Polar Orbiting Satellites ?

Answer :

Due to the rotation of the Earth, it's far feasible to combine the advantages of low-altitude orbits with global coverage, the use of near-polar orbiting satellites, which have an orbital plane crossing the poles.

These satellites are released into orbits at high dispositions to the Earth's rotation (at low angles with longitude lines), such that they skip throughout high latitudes near the poles.

Question 22. Which Satellites Are Being Used To Monitor The Weather Of Indian Region ?

Answer :

Kalpana-1 located at Longitude 74° E and Insat-3A positioned at 93.5° E each geostationary satellites are getting used to reveal the climate of Indian area.

For meteorological observation, INSAT-3A includes a 3 channel Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) with 2 km decision in the visible band and 8 km resolution in thermal infrared and water vapour bands. In addition, INSAT-3A contains a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera which operates inside the seen, close to infra Red and brief wave infrared bands offering a spatial decision of one km. A Data Relay Transponder (DRT) operating in UHF band is integrated for actual-time hydro meteorological information series from unattended systems located on land and river basins. The records is then relayed in extended C-band to a imperative vicinity. Kalpana -1 Satellite has a three- Channel VHRR and DRT much like INSAT -3A Satellite.

Question 23. What Is A Satellite Image?

Answer :

It is a pictorial representation measuring the electromagnetic power recorded via a sensor, now not by using pictures. A photo is commonly taken within a positive spectral range (seen mild). Satellites take snap shots outdoor this confined range.

Question 24. What Do Ir And Vis Mean? What Do We See On Ir And Vis Images?

Answer :

IR stands for infrared. On an picture, IR is typically accompanied with the aid of a wavelength in micrometers (e.G. 10.7). In the IR spectrum, clouds at exclusive heights display up thoroughly as variations in radiances (quantity of mild strength detected) from floor stage (radiances vary with cloud top). Radiances can then be converted into temperatures with a few calculation. So what we see on an IR photo is the distribution of temperatures as detected with the aid of the satellite's sensor, and the temperature within the legend corresponds to the temperature of regardless of the satellite sensor "sees" (clouds at distinctive heights, sea floor, and earth floor).

VIS stands for visible. A VIS satellite tv for pc image (taken inside the seen spectrum) is a image of the earth from space, simply as you would see it in case you have been searching out the window from a spacecraft in orbit. During nighttime the photo is dark.

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Question 25. Which Products Are Being Derived From Operational Indian Geostationary Meteorological Satellites?

Answer :

The following merchandise are being derived from INSAT satellites

Outgoing Longwave radiation (OLR)
Sea floor temperature (SST)
Quantitative precipitation estimate (QPE)
Cloud Motion vectors (CMV)
Water Vapour Wind (WVW)
Cloud Top Temperature (CTT)
Visible Channel Image
Infrared Channel Image
Colour Composite Channel Image
Water vapour Channel Image

Question 26. Outgoing Long Wave Radiation (olr)?

Answer :

Majority of meteorological sensors perform in long wave variety of radiation in order that:

They function day and night time
The problem of low albedo is not encountered
The earth radiation is most and thermal IR and ocean emissive is nearly harmony.
Keeping the above into mind the outgoing flux of lengthy wave radiation on the top of surroundings is an important parameter in the earth ecosystem radiation budget. This parameter may be derived by means of physical/statistical set of rules from the slim band.

Question 27. Sea Surface Temperature (sst)?

Answer :

As we understand oceans are the most important storage of heat inside the earth climate systems. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is one of the key controllers of weather variability and acts as a sizeable thermal reservoir. SST regulates the transfer of long wave radiation to the ecosystem in addition to the latent and realistic warmth fluxes into the decrease atmosphere.

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Question 28. Quantitative Precipitation Estimate (qpe)?

Answer :

It is one of the key meteorological parameter. A targeted information of its distribution in area and time is crucial for knowledge weather & climate. Information about rainfall is of terrific fee in style of area beside being manage to human survival scientifically The latent heat launched for the duration of the system of condensation water into cloud and rain drops is one of the extensive strength source responsible for atmospheric warmness engine.

Question 29. How The Cmvs Generated?

Answer :

In standard, there are 5 steps in the derivation of Cloud Motion Vectors :

Registration of Triplet
Cloud Tracers selection
Tracking of Cloud Tracer in the Target picture
CMV Computation
Height Assignment
Quality Control of Cloud Motion Vectors.
INSAT-based totally CMVs are specially beneficial inside the analysis of higher winds during the monsoon season to take a look at the formation of eddies, cross –equatorial float, approach of the 2 separate branches of the monsoon.

Three tiers of the INSAT CMV are:

Low Level CMV – one thousand hpa – seven-hundred hpa.
Medium Level CMV – seven hundred hpa – 300 hpa
High Level CMV – 300 hpa and above.

Question 30. What Is A Sector ?

Answer :

To look at the weather circumstance of a specific location, we are able to pick out that region that's referred to as area. We are interested in the climate of India, so we select that location.

Question 31. What Is A Geostationary Satellite?

Answer :

Geostationary satellites are located at an top above the earth approximately 36000 Km. At this top they rotate across the earth on the same speed because the earth rotates around its axis, so in effect last desk bound above a point in the world (typically at once overhead the equator).

As they continue to be stationary they're ideal to be used as communications satellites and additionally for far off imaging as they are able to repeatedly scan the same factors in the world beneath them.

Polar Orbiting satellites through evaluation have a far lower orbit, shifting around the earth fairly unexpectedly, and scanning extraordinary regions of the earth at fantastically infrequent periods.

Question 32. What Are The Advantages / Disadvantages Of Geostationary Satellites For Remote Imaging?

Answer :

As they are positioned at the sort of high altitude the spatial resolution (i.E. Amount of element proven) in their pics (usually 2.5 Km in line with pixel) tends to be no longer as properly as a few polar orbiting satellites (usually 1 Km to 50m according to pixel), which are an awful lot closer to the earth.

However the advantage in their splendid top is that they can view the complete earth disk under them, in preference to a small subsection, and they could test the equal place very often (normally each 30 minutes). This makes them ideal for meteorological packages.

One big trouble with Geostationary satellites is that for the reason that they may be constantly positioned above the equator they can not see the north or south poles and are of constrained use for latitudes extra than 60-70 tiers north or south. The farther from the equator the lower the spatial resolution of every pixel and the extra the opportunity of being hidden by the earth's curvature.

Question 33. What Are Image Channels?

Answer :

The satellites commonly experiment the earth the use of exclusive wave lengths (channels). Current INSAT geostationary meteorological satellites have three channel imager with the following channels:

VISIBLE wavelengths (0.Fifty five - zero.Seventy five um) (reflected solar radiation).
IR (thermal infra-purple) (10.5 - 12.Five um). (emission channel. Each factor on the planet emits radiation in proportion to its hotness/coldness. So this channel offers a thermal photo of the earth)
WV (water-vapour) (5.7 - 7.1 um). (This is also an emission band. The photograph shows variations in water vapour absorption in the atmosphere).
Question 34. Why Are Some Images Missing?

Answer :

There are instances while there are system faults in our system, however a much more likely explanation is the problem in reception or dissemination of the picture. The problems in reception encompass, an artifact impact within the photos, patch temperature variant, or satellite tv for pc protection troubles. However, those are fantastically rare.

Question 35. How Are Water Vapor Satellite Images Used?

Answer :

Basically, water vapor pix and loops/movies show how moist or dry the middle and higher surroundings is. They additionally show the air movement in the center and upper atmosphere.

Question 36. What Is Gmt Or Utc?

Answer :

GMT stands for Greenwich Mean Time, now known as UTC (Universal Coordinated Time), and is the local time at Greenwich-England, that's at zero° longitude. Weather observations, along with satellite photos, are recorded in GMT as a manner of solving the trouble of looking to use weather facts from distinct time zones.

Question 37. Why Are Meteorological Satellites Needed?

Answer :

Meteorological satellites provide crucial information to be used in greater accurate climate forecasts and worldwide weather monitoring.

Question 38. What Is The Difference Between Geostationary And Polar Orbiting Satellites?

Answer :

A geostationary satellite is positioned above the Equator and orbits the Earth on the identical rotation velocity because the Earth itself, making it appear stationary from the point of view of an observer on the Earth’s surface. It flies very high above the floor of the Earth (altitude almost 36000 kilometers), and hence is capable of capture the whole Earth disc right now. A polar orbiting satellite circles the Earth at a close to-polar inclination, that means that it continually passes nearly precisely above the poles.

The satellite tv for pc passes the equator and each range on the same neighborhood sun time each day, that means the satellite passes overhead at basically the equal solar time at some stage in all seasons of the 12 months. The low Earth orbit (800 - 850 kilometers) is a whole lot closer to Earth than a geostationary orbit, and for that reason can see a smaller a part of the Earth underneath than a geostationary satellite tv for pc, but in finer detail.

Question 39. What Is Validation?

Answer :

In order to test the validity of the satellite measurements, it needs to be compared towards ground measurements (balloon soundings, lidar measurements, UV measurements and many others.). This method is called validation.

Question forty. What Are The New Geostationary Satellites That Will Be Launched By India?

Answer :

INSAT –three-D meteorological geostationary satellite tv for pc may be launched within the latter half of of 2009 by way of ISRO.

Question 41. What Is Special About The Insat 3d Satellite?

Answer :

It could have  payloads- a 6-channel Imager and a 19 –channel Sounder nearly much like GOES satellites of USA. It may also have a Data Relay Transponder (DRT) similar to Kalpana-1 and INSAT-3A.

Unlike preceding geostationary meteorological satellites launched by India, this satellite will permit programmable scanning of a unique region, with described N-S and E-W coordinates. Scanning will also be faster and the information might be at a higher resolution as compared to the currently operational satellites. So the geophysical merchandise derived at some point of the scanning may be extra accurate and of better decision.

Question 42. What Products Will Be Derived From Insat –3d Sounder Payload?

Answer :

Temperature and Humidity profile the use of Brightness temperatures for 18 Sounder Channel and gray be counted for channel 19
Geo-capability Height the use of Sounder retrieved temperature and humidity profiles at forty stress stages
Layer Perceptible Water using Retrieved humidity at trendy strain stages
Total Perceptible Water the use of Retrieved humidity at widespread stress stages
Lifted Index the use of Sounder retrieved temperature and humidity profiles at widespread stress stages
Dry Microburst Index the usage of Sounder retrieved temperature and humidity profiles at wellknown strain stages
Maximum Vertical Theta-E Differential the usage of Sounder retrieved temperature and humidity profiles at standard stress degrees
Wind Index the use of Geo- capacity Height and retrieved temperature and humidity profiles at widespread stress levels
Ozone the usage of Brightness temperatures for 18 Sounder Channel and grey remember for channel 19