Interview Questions.

Question 1. What Is Puppet?

Answer :

Puppet is a  configuration Tool which is locate to automate administration duties. Puppet Agent(Client) sends request to Puppet Master (Server) and Puppet Master Push Configuration on Agent.

Question 2. What Is Manifests ?

Answer :

Manifests, in Puppet, are the files wherein the patron configuration is distinctive.

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Question three. What Is Module And How It Is Different From Manifest ?

Answer :

Whatever the manifests we defined in modules, can name or consist of into different manifests. Which makes simpler control of Manifests.It helps you to push particular manifests on unique Node or Agent.

Question 4. What Are The Commands To Check Requests Of Certificates ?

Answer :

puppetca –list (2.6)
puppet ca listing (3.0)
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Question 5. What Are The Commands To Sign Requested Certificates ?

Answer :

puppetca  –signal hostname-of-agent (2.6)
puppet ca  signal hostname-of-agent (three.Zero)
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Question 6. Where Puppet Master Stores Certificates?

Answer :

/var/lib/puppet/ssl/ca/signed

Question 7. What Is Facter?

Answer :

Sometime you need to put in writing manifests on conditional expression primarily based on agent precise records that's to be had via Facter. Facter offers information like Kernel version,Dist launch, IP Address, CPU info and and so on.You can defined your facter also.

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Question eight. What Is The Use Of Etckeeper-dedicate-submit And Etckeeper-commit-pre On Puppet Agent ?

Answer :

etckeeper-commit-put up: In this configuration document you can define command and scripts which executes after pushing configuration on Agente
etckeeper-commit-pre: In this configuration record you may define command and scripts which executes before pushing configuration on Agent
Question nine. What Is Puppet Kick ?

Answer :

By default Puppet Agent request to Puppet Master after a periodic time which referred to as “runinterval”. Puppet Kick is a utility which allows you to cause Puppet Agent from Puppet Master.

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Question 10. What Is Mcollective ?

Answer :

MCollective is a effective orchestration framework. Run moves on lots of servers simultaneously, the use of current plugins or writing your own.

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Question eleven. What’s Special About Puppet’s Model-pushed Design?

Answer :

Traditionally, coping with the configurations of a big group of computer systems has supposed a chain of vital steps; in its rawest nation, SSH and a for loop. This trendy technique grew greater sophisticated through the years, but it retained the greater profound limitations at its root.

Puppet takes a different approach, that's to version everything — the modern kingdom of the node, the preferred configuration state, the moves taken at some stage in configuration enforcement — as records: each node receives a catalog of sources and relationships, compares it to the present day device country, and makes adjustments as needed to carry the gadget into compliance.

The blessings pass a ways past simply recuperation the headaches of configuration flow and unknown machine state: modeling systems as statistics we could Puppet simulate configuration changes, song the history of a system over its lifecycle, and show that refactored manifest code nevertheless produces the equal gadget country. It additionally appreciably lowers the barrier to entry for hacking and lengthening Puppet: as opposed to studying code and opposite-engineering the consequences of every step, a person can simply parse data, and sysadmins have been capable of add significant fee to their Puppet deployments with a day’s well worth of perl scripting.

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Question 12. Why Does Puppet Have Its Own Language? Why Not Use Xml Or Yaml As The Configuration Format? Why Not Use Ruby As The Input Language?

Answer :

The language used for manifests is ultimately Puppet’s human interface, and XML and YAML, being information formats evolved around the processing competencies of computer systems, are terrible human interfaces. While some people are comfy studying and writing them, there’s a reason why we use internet browsers instead of simply analyzing the HTML at once. Also, the usage of XML or YAML could limit any assurance that the interface changed into declarative — one method might deal with an XML configuration differently from any other.

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Question 13. Can Puppet Manage Workstations?

Answer :

Yes, Puppet can manage any sort of gadget, and is used to manage many corporations that have a combination of laptops and desktops.

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Question 14. Does Puppet Run On Windows?

Answer :

Yes. As of Puppet 2.7.6 simple kinds and vendors do run on Windows, and the take a look at suite is being run on Windows to make certain destiny compatibility. More statistics may be located at the Puppet on Windows page, and trojan horse reports and patches are welcome.

Question 15. What Size Organizations Should Use Puppet?

Answer :

There isn't any minimal or maximum agency size which can advantage from Puppet, but there are sizes which are more likely to benefit. Organizations with only a handful of servers are not going to bear in mind keeping the ones servers to be a real trouble, at the same time as those who have extra want to keep in mind cautiously how they put off manual control obligations.

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Question 16. My Servers Are All Unique; Can Puppet Still Help?

Answer :

Yes.All servers are as a minimum really unique, but very few servers are totally specific; host names and IP addresses (e.G.) will continually fluctuate, however nearly every server runs a particularly general running system. Servers also are frequently very just like different servers within a single corporation — all Solaris servers may have comparable security settings, or all web servers may have roughly equivalent configurations — even if they’re very special from servers in different corporations. Finally, servers are often needlessly specific, in that they have been constructed and controlled manually without a strive at keeping appropriate consistency.

Puppet can help both on the side of consistency and distinctiveness. Puppet may be used to specific the consistency that need to exist, despite the fact that that consistency spans arbitrary sets of servers based on any form of facts like working gadget, records centre, or bodily location. Puppet can also be used to deal with distinctiveness, either through permitting special provision of what makes a given host precise or thru specifying exceptions to in any other case widespread instructions.

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Question 17. Who Is Puppet Labs?

Answer :

Puppet Labs (previously Reductive Labs) is a small, non-public organisation targeted on re-framing the server automation trouble.

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Question 18. How Should I Upgrade Puppet And Facter?

Answer :

The great way to install and upgrade Puppet and Facter is thru your operating device’s package deal control device, the use of both your dealer’s repository or one among Puppet Labs’ public repositories.

If you have installed Puppet from source, ensure you remove old variations absolutely (together with all application and library documents) earlier than upgrading. Configuration data (commonly placed in/etc/puppet or /var/lib/puppet, even though the area can range) may be left in area among installs.

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Question 19. What Characters Are Permitted In A Class Name? In A Module Name? In Other Identifiers?

Answer :

Class names can incorporate lowercase letters, numbers, and underscores, and ought to start with a lowercase letter. “::” can be used as a namespace separator.

The identical regulations should be used whilst naming described aid kinds, modules, and parameters, despite the fact that modules and parameters can not use the namespace separator.

Variable names can consist of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and are case-touchy.

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Question 20. How Do I Document My Manifests?

Answer :

The puppet language includes a easy documentation syntax, which is presently documented at the Puppet Manifest Documentation wiki page. The puppetdoc command makes use of this inline documentation to robotically generate RDoc or HTML documents for your manifests and modules.

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Question 21. How Do I Manage Passwords On Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Centos, And Fedora Core?

Answer :

As defined inside the Type reference, you need the Shadow Password Library, which is furnished by means of the ruby-shadow package. The ruby-shadow library is to be had natively for fc6 (and better), and must construct at the corresponding RHEL and CentOS versions.

Question 22. How Do All Of These Variables, Like $operatingsystem, Get Set?

Answer :

The variables are ready through Facter. You can get a complete list of the to be had variables and their values by way of walking facter with the aid of itself in a shell.

Question 23. Can I Access Environment Variables With Facter?

Answer :

Not directly. However, Facter reads in custom facts from a special subset of surroundings variables. Any environment variable with a prefix of FACTER_ may be converted into a fact while Facter runs. For instance:

 The cost of the FACTER_FOO environment variable would now be available to your Puppet manifests as $foo, and could have a cost of ‘bar’. Using shell scripting to export an arbitrary subset of environment variables as information is left as an workout for the reader.

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Question 24. Why Shouldn't I Use Autosign For All My Clients?

Answer :

It is very tempting to allow autosign for all nodes, as it cuts down at the manual steps required to bootstrap a brand new node (or certainly to transport it to a brand new puppet grasp).

Typically this will be completed with a *.Example.Com or even * inside the autosign.Conf document.

This however can be very risky as it can allow a node to masquerade as some other node, and get the configuration intended for that node. The cause for that is that the node chooses the certificate commonplace call (‘CN’ – generally its fqdn, but this is absolutely configurable), and the puppet master then makes use of this CN to look up the node definition to serve. The certificate itself is saved, so two nodes could not hook up with the equal CN (eg alice.Instance.Com), however this is not the trouble.

The problem lies within the fact that the puppet grasp does no longer make a 1-1 mapping among a node and the primary certificates it saw for it, and therefore multiple certificates can map to the same node.

As an instance:

alice.Instance.Com connects, gets node alice   definition.
Bob.Example.Com connects with CN alice.Bob.Instance.Com, and additionally fits node alice   definition.
Without autosigning, it would be obvious that bob become trying to get alice’s configuration – because the puppet cert technique lists the whole fqdn/CN presented. With autosign became on, bob silently retrieves alice’s configuration.

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Question 25. Depending On Your Environment, This May Not Present A Significant Risk. It Essentially Boils Down To The Question ‘do I Trust Everything That Can Connect To My Puppet Master?’.

Answer :

If you do still pick out to have a everlasting, or semi-everlasting, permissive autosign.Conf, please recollect doing the following:

Firewall your puppet master – limit port tcp/8140 to simplest networks that you consider.
Create puppet masters for each ‘agree with sector’, and handiest encompass the relied on nodes in that Puppet masters take place.
Question 26. What Happens If I Am On Puppet 2.6x Or Earlier?

Answer :

Nothing adjustments for you. Puppet 2.6.X stays licensed as GPLv2. The license change is not retroactive.

Advanced Linux Interview Questions
Question 27. Does This Change Affect All The Components Of Puppet?

Answer :

As a part of this variation, we’re additionally changing the license of the Facter system stock device to Apache. This alternate will take effect with Facter model 1.6.0, and in advance versions of Facter will stay certified underneath the GPLv2 license. This change will convey the licensing of Puppet’s  key components into alignment.

Our other main product, MCollective, is already licensed below the Apache 2.Zero license.

Python Interview Questions
Question 28. What Does This Mean If I Or My Company Have Or Want To Contribute Code To Puppet?

Answer :

As part of this license exchange, Puppet Labs has approached every existing contributor to the venture and asked them to signal a Contributor License Agreement or CLA.

Signing this CLA for your self or your organisation provides each you and Puppet Labs with additional legal protections, and confirms:

That you personal and are entitled to the code you are contributing to Puppet
That you're willing to have it utilized in distributions
This gives warranty that the origins and possession of the code can not be disputed inside the event of any legal mission.

Question 29. What If I Haven’t Signed A Cla?

Answer :

If you haven’t signed a CLA, then we will’t but take delivery of your code contribution into Puppet or Facter. Signing a CLA may be very clean: simply log into your GitHub account and visit our CLA page to sign the settlement.

We’ve worked difficult to try discover to everybody who has contributed code to Puppet, but if you have questions or worries approximately a previous contribution you’ve made to Puppet and also you don’t believed you’ve signed a CLA, please signal a CLA or contact us for further records.

VMware Interview Questions
Question 30. Does Signing A Cla Change Who Owns Puppet?

Answer :

The alternate in license and the requirement for a CLA doesn’t exchange who owns the code. This is a pure license settlement and NOT a Copyright mission. If you sign a CLA, you keep complete copyright on your own code and are simply offering a license to Puppet Labs to use your code.

All other code stays the copyright of Puppet Labs.

Question 31. Which Versions Of Ruby Does Puppet Support?

Answer :

Puppet calls for an MRI Ruby interpreter. Certain variations of Ruby are tested extra very well with Puppet than others, and some versions are not tested at all. Run ruby –version to check the model of Ruby in your gadget.

Starting with Puppet four, puppet-agent packages do now not depend upon the OS’s Ruby version, because it bundles its very own Ruby environment. You can set up puppet-agent alongside any model of Ruby or on structures with out Ruby set up. Likewise Puppet Enterprise does not rely on the OS’s Ruby model, because it bundles its very own Ruby surroundings. You can set up PE along any version of Ruby or on systems without Ruby hooked up.  The Windows installers supplied by using Puppet Labs don’t rely upon the OS’s Ruby version, and may be set up along any model of Ruby or on structures with out Ruby set up.

Question 32. What Is Puppets' Definition Of A Node?

Answer :

A node is any physical or virtual system this is controlled through Puppet. This will be a physical server to your statistics center, a digital server within the cloud or maybe a desktop gadget.

Configuration Manager Interview Questions
Question 33. Which Open Source Or Community Tools Do You Use To Make Puppet More Powerful?

Answer :

Changes and requests are ticketed thru Jira and we manage requests via an inner manner. Then, we use Git and Puppet’s Code Manager app to control Puppet code in accordance with satisfactory practices. Additionally, we run all of our Puppet changes through our non-stop integration pipeline in Jenkins the use of the beaker trying out framework.”

Cloud Computing Interview Questions