Interview Questions.

Question 1. Explain What Is Prolog Programming Language? What Is It Based On?

Answer :

Prolog is designed for Artificial Intelligence, and it deals with the declarative and logical factors. Prolog is a good judgment programming and is based totally on 3 attributes- Facts, Rules of Inference and Questions. Facts are the acknowledged truths, policies decide how new records can be inferred from those statistics, and questions look for solutions in step with the facts and regulations.

Question 2. Explain What Is The Difference Between Bagof/three And Setof/3 Predicate In Prolog?

Answer :

Setof/three is similar to bagof/3 and the difference among is that bagof/three leaves all repeated solutions at the same time as setof/3 removes them.

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Question three. Name The Sector Where Prolog Programming Language Is Used?

Answer :

Prolog programming language is used in sectors like

Automated reasoning
Machine studying
Robot making plans
Problem solving
Natural language know-how
Intelligent facts base retrieval
Expert systesm
Question four. Explain With An Example What Is “setof” Predicate In Prolog?

Answer :

In Prolog, “Setof” predicate may be used to discover all of the solutions of a predicate. For example, you have this database:

Wisdom (SAP, Testing Tools)
Wisdom (PHP, Perl)
And in case you need to locate the answers of Wisdom(X, Y). We can input
Setof ([ X,Y] ,Wisdom (X,Y), Z).
Z = [[ SAP , Testing Tools], [ PHP, Perl] ]

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Question 5. Explain Why Prolog Language Is Stated As A Procedural Language?

Answer :

In Prolog, techniques are referred as predicate. It is also called a procedural language because of the 2 uncommon elements of prolog like prolog is non deterministic and has assign- as soon as variables.

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Question 6. In “cuts” What Is The Parent Goal In Prolog?

Answer :

When running the subgoals in a rule’s frame, the parent purpose is noted the purpose that induced the matching of the pinnacle of the contemporary rule.

Question 7. Explain What Is List Structures In Prolog?

Answer :

A Prolog listing is referred as an ordered sequence of factors of arbitrary length. Here the factors are variables, consistent, structures, which include different lists.

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Question 8. Explain Where You Use + Operator In Prolog?

Answer :

Operator + may be used to negate desires; those are both sub-goals within the frame of a rule or sub-dreams of a query. We can't negate statistics or the heads of guidelines.

Question 9. Why In Prolog It Is Said That Program And Data Are The Same Thing?

Answer :

In Prolog, records and program both are implemented because the bunch of timber. There isn't any distinction between a rule that reasons operations to show up and a rule that simply gives back a statistics cost.

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Question 10. Mention Why You Have To Use “is” Instead Of “=” In Prolog When It Comes To Applying Calculation Logic?

Answer :

“=” triggers unification in Prolog
“is” triggers arithmetic evaluation in Prolog
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Question eleven. Mention Who Is Referred As A Member In Prolog?

Answer :

Member is a Prolog tool this is used for configuring lists and to introduce the concept of recursing down lists.

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Question 12. Mention What Is Cut (!) In Prolog And What Is The Advantage Of ‘cut’ And ‘negation’?

Answer :

Cut function is utilized in Prolog whilst you want to restriction Prolog from backtracking into positive choicepoints or subgoals, either because the alternatives might deliver incorrect answers or for efficiency reasons.

Advantage of the usage of cut in Prolog is :

Through reduce, we are able to often enhance the performance of the program
We can specify unique policies using cut
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Question thirteen. Mention What Is The Difference Between = And = = In Prolog?

Answer :

The “=” operator in Prolog is simply a predicate that stands for unification. This operator “= =” method the two phrases aren't same. Unification does not take vicinity despite the fact that this succeeds.

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Question 14. Mention What Is The Difference Between Prolog And Normal Programming Language?

Answer :

Prolog: It is a “declarative programming” language which means that that you have to specify the dreams, however now not the method to attain the purpose. It figures it out on its very own.
Normal Programming language: Languages like C/C++/Java/Python are vital (IP) languages that does specify commands of the way to reach some aim, however leaving the real aim implicit

 

Question 15. Explain Why Matching Variable Is Important In Prolog? What Is The Method To Match Variables?

Answer :

In Prolog, as a way to procedure the elements of a list, we must healthy them to variables. The approach for doing is

We get the top via matching it to a variable.
By calling a predicate with the variable, it approaches the pinnacle.
Until you get an empty list repeat the above steps.
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Question sixteen. Explain What Is Backtracking In Prolog?

Answer :

In Prolog, backtracking is a manner adopted by way of Prolog. When a sub-purpose fails in Prolog, the Prolog machine actions its steps backwards to the previous goal and tries to re-satisfy it. Backtracking enables Prolog to find all opportunity answers to a given query.

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Question 17. Explain What Is Recursion In Prolog?

Answer :

In any language, a feature that can name itself until the aim has been succeed is referred as recursion. In Prolog, recursion happens when a predicate carries a purpose that refers to itself.

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Question 18. Explain What Is Swi-prolog?

Answer :

SWI-Prolog is a free prolog compiler certified under GPL, concentrated on primarily the research and training.

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Question 19. What Are The Features Of Prolog Language?

Answer :

Following are the features of prolog language:

Intelligent Systems – packages which carry out useful tasks by way of utilising artificial intelligence techniques.
Expert Systems – smart structures which reproduce choice-making at the extent of a human professional.
Natural Language Systems – which could analysis and reply to statements made in normal language instead of approved keywords or menu selections.
Relational Database Systems.
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Question 20. Name The Areas In Which Prolog Programming Language Is Used?

Answer :

Following are some areas wherein prolog is used:

intelligent records base retrieval
natural language understanding
professional structures
specification language
system learning
robot planning
computerized reasoning
hassle fixing
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Question 21. Why We Use Prolog Programming Language?

Answer :

Following are a few points for the use of prolog extra:

SWI-Prolog is free, open-supply, and very well maintained.
It’s tons tons less difficult to distribute SWI-Prolog applications than Java ones
Prolog is an awful lot much less verbose,which is beneficial while throughout improvement.
Prolog permits one to define any phrase or series of “image characters” (e.G. >>, +, /, , //, :===/===: ) as an infix, postfix, or prefix operator.
In Prolog, you can treat information as packages.
Prolog is interactive.
Question 22. Write An Sample Program In Prolog Language?

Answer :

Here is an instance. Of  Sample programming language with the aid of displaying the message “Hello”:

SOURCE CODE :
// the main software (this is a remark)
Hello:-
nl,
write(‘Hello !’ ).

Question 23. Name Some Data Types In Prolog Programming Language?

Answer :

Following are the facts kinds supported via prolog :Prolog’s single facts type is the time period. Terms are both atoms, numbers, variables or compound phrases.

ATOM : An atom is a fashionable-motive call with out a inherent that means.
NUMBERS : Numbers are like integers,waft etc.
VARIABLES : Are denoted  string including letters, numbers, underscore characters, and beginning with an upper-case letter or underscore.
COMPOUND TERMS : A compound term is composed of an atom referred to as a “functor” and a number of “arguments”, that are again phrases. They are written with the aid of keeping apart them through commas.
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Question 24. How Prolog Language Can Be Stated As Procedural Language?

Answer :

In Prolog, methods are called predicate. Following are the 2 reasons because of which it's also known as procedural language. The two uncommon elements of Prolog are:

prolog has assign-as soon as variables.
Prolog is non deterministic.
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Question 25. How Variables Are Used In Prolog?

Answer :

Here is an Example:

Suppose we need to ask, “What path does ROBIN teach”?,then we can write it in prolog as

” Is there a route,x,that ROBIN teaches? “

Here,

here x stands for an object that the questioner does no longer recognise approximately but,so to answer the prolog has to discover the fee of x.If we understand the cost of variable then it's miles known as BOUND, if we don’t know then known as UNBOUND.

Question 26. What Kind Of Sw Is Prolog Especially Useful For Writing ?

Answer :

Prolog seems to be correct for issues wherein good judgment is in detail worried, or whose solutions have a logical characterization. Like other interactive, symbolic languages, Prolog is likewise top for speedy prototyping.

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Question 27. What Are The Major Examples Of Use Of Prolog In 'actual Life' Applications ?

Answer :

You can discover PROLOG in regions like professional structures or theorem provers creation. The variation of PROLOG known as DATALOG is used in database management.

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Question 28. Is It Possible To Change Standard Behaviour Of Prolog Interpreter (first Rule, The Most Left Subgoal)?

Answer :

It is simple to put in writing a entire PROLOG interpreter in PROLOG with extraordinary behaviour thru meta-programming technique.

Question 29. What Is It A Meta-program?

Answer :

Meta-program is a application that makes use of different software as its statistics. For instance, meta-interpreter of a given programming language is an interpreter of that language written in the same language.

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Question 30. What Is It Clp (constraint Logic Programming)?

Answer :

CLP is an extension of PROLOG (common sense programming) in which the unification is substituted by using solving equalities and different varieties of constraints over precise area like reals, integers, strings and so on. 

Question 31. Can Clp (constraint Logic Programming) Be Implemented Just In Prolog ?

Answer :

Using the technique called meta-programming, it's far possible to put in force CLP absolutely in PROLOG. The downside of this method is degradation of overall performance that is ordinary for meta-programming.

Question 32. What Are The Advantages Of Clp On Prolog In Practical Applications?

Answer :

CLP(X) makes use of "interpretable" domain X, e.G., reals, integers, strings, while natural Prolog is restrained to "uninterpretable" Herbrand Universe. Also, Prolog uses unification as a chief records operation even as CLP permits declarative constraints which might be extra general than unification.

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Question 33. Will Prolog Withstand In Competition With Modern Lp Languages Such As Goedel ?

Answer :

The languages like Goedel, ALF, LIFE and so forth. Are presently extra orientated to theory than to real-world programs. In real-lifestyles usage, we will deliver extra chances to CLP which is from time to time assumed as a PROLOG lifesaver for sensible programs.

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