Interview Questions.

Question 1. How Can Neuroimaging Work Complement The Single Case Study Approach In Neuropsychology?

Answer :

Define neuroimaging and the single case examine technique. It must show an consciousness of the topics studied the use of fMRI and PET, and the overlap between the subjects in these research and those in unmarried case research. It ought to distinguish between structural and useful neuroimaging techniques. The blessings and downsides of every approach should be made clean, and an define of the criticisms of neuroimaging portraying it as 'glorified phrenology' have to be addressed. A very good solution would project whether or not neuroimaging can complement the unmarried case take a look at technique.

Question 2. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Single Case Study Approach In Neuropsychology?

Answer :

Define the unmarried case observe technique, show an consciousness of its ancient roots and describe its position inside the development of neuropsychology. The benefits and drawbacks of the method need to be addressed in element. It must describe the debate concerning susceptible and sturdy cognitive neuropsychology (Caramazza vs Kosslyn, as an instance).

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Question three. What Questions Does Neuroimaging Help Answer And How Successful Is It At Doing So?

Answer :

Understand that the question is virtually addressing the validity of neuroimaging strategies. The advantages and downsides of neuroimaging methods must be explicitly outlined (no longer a degree of neural activation? terrible temporal resolution? suitable consistency across centres? properly spatial resolution, and many others.). The answer should cope with a few questions asked via psychologists approximately the brain, which includes the function of brain areas in reading, speakme, memorizing, and so forth.

Question four. Why Is Knowledge And Awareness Of Neuroanatomy And Neurochemistry Important To Understanding Neuropsychological Research?

Answer :

Begin with a ancient appreciation of neuropsychology, drawing on information from the Ancient Greeks to the 19th century concerning the correlation between brain harm and behavioural feature. The essay need to cite examples wherein an information of neuroanatomy and neurochemistry is important to our know-how  of human behaviour, and  a simply precise  answer  might  display how such know-how  has challenged  some  perspectives of brain  feature and  behaviour(e.G. The  finding  that no longer  all 'frontal lobe' patients display  the  usual 'frontal lobe syndrome').

Question five. Evaluate The Evidence That There Are Different Visual Systems For Analyzing Different Types Of Visual Experience?

Answer :

Evaluate the fashions proposed by way of Schneider, Unbeliever and Mishkin, and Goodale and Milner, imparting critical assessment where suitable. The essay have to cite examples in support (or no longer in help) of the fashions. A accurate solution will recollect the results of these fashions for a way the brain organizes sensory statistics.

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Question 6. Define The Term 'localization Of Function'. How Successful Have Neuropsychologists Been In 'localizing' Function?

Answer :

As the question necessarily indicates, define the time period and distinguish among it and lateralization. The essay need to show an consciousness of ways the idea evolved in neuropsychology and the way it's miles the guiding principle of neuropsychology (some argue). A superb solution will cope with the trouble of defining a feature. A very good answer may even define a number of the troubles associated with localizing function, based totally on brain damage information and the problems in extrapolating from those sufferers to healthy people and normal mental functioning, and based on neuroimaging information (where reduced activation does now not necessarily imply that the deactivated location is not concerned in a function).

Question 7. What Clear Evidence Is There For Lateralization Of Function In The Human Brain? What Purpose Could Such Lateralization Serve?

Answer :

Define  the  term  'lateralization'  and  describe  a few  of the important lateralized  capabilities, together with speech and  mental rotation (a  truely excellent answer will cite  more  precise  examples and  other  features). The essay must describe how such lateralization is measured (brain injury, neuroimaging, invasive strategies inclusive of the Wada test, field of vision studies, colostomy, and so forth.) and the way successful those measures are in lateralizing feature. The 2d part of the answer ought to describe and evaluate the diverse hypotheses of lateralization and its evolution.

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Question eight. What Exactly Is Localized When Neuroscientists Refer To 'localization Of Function'?

Answer :

Define the term ‘localization of feature’ and describe how psychologists take a look at localization. The important part of the solution will deal with cautiously what is meant by means of 'function', and the inadvisability (possibility) of using blanket phrases to describe features that may be more fractionated or which won't reflect an real characteristic. The essay ought to cite examples of those, and examine the problems associated with localizing characteristic depending at the method taken.

Question nine. If The Frontal Lobes Are The Brain's 'orchestra Leader', What Exactly Do They Lead And Why?

Answer :

Outline in which the frontal lobes are and what they generally do. The essay ought to word the provenance of the quote, give an explanation for what is supposed through it and why Luria so defined the lobes in this manner. The essay will describe some features that might be underneath the manage of the frontal lobes, and describe and compare theories of frontal lobe feature.

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Question 10. Why Do Some 'frontal Lobe' Patients Not Show The Typical Frontal Lobe Symptoms?

Answer :

Outline the general position and improvement of the frontal lobes and define the time period 'syndrome'. The essay will then keep in mind what are referred to as ordinary frontal lobe signs (and the way those have been studied and through whom), and studies suggesting that some frontal lobe sufferers do not show off those signs and symptoms (e.G. EVR and others). The essay will bear in mind the consequences of those research for conceptions of frontal lobe function.

Question eleven. Why Did Phineas Gage's Acquaintances Describe Him As 'no Longer Gage’ After His Head Injury? What Theory Might Account For Gage's And Other Similar Patients' Deficits?

Answer :

First describe what occurred to Gage and why it is relevant to neuropsychology. It will describe the post damage modifications in his behaviour and draw parallels among these adjustments and people visible in sufferers including EVR and NM. The precise mind area concerned have to be described. The essay will compare factors for these changes, citing hypotheses inclusive of the somatic marker hypothesis. A superb solution will suggest how these adjustments may be unconnected to intelligence.

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Question 12. What Types Of Visual Agnosia Have Been Proposed? What Evidence Exists For Dissociation Between Apperceptive And Associative Visual Agnosia?

Answer :

Define 'visible agnosia' and description the ancient improvement of the sickness. It will outline the 2 kinds of agnosia noted right here however also describe others that aren't. A very good answer will compare the premise for fractionating visible agnosia in this way and don't forget whether these disorders are discrete or factors on a continuum.

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Question thirteen. Describe The Characteristics Of Spatial Hemi Neglect. Is This Simply Neglected Of One Side Of Sensory Space?

Answer :

Define the term 'spatial hemi forget about' after which describe the symptoms of the disorder and the precise sorts of spatial forget about. The essay will describe methods in which forget about is examined and compare whether forget is to a sensory area or whether or not forget includes no sensory factors (attention). A very good solution will describe and compare theories of spatial forget.

Question 14. Define The Term 'blind Sight’ And Provide Two Alternative Explanations For The Phenomenon?

Answer :

Define the time period ‘blind sight’ and describe its ancient development in neuropsychology (from Riddoch to Weiskrantz). A without a doubt exact essay will recall whether or not the phenomenon is genuine, and examine the proof for and in opposition to this view (drawing on Cowey's assessment in QJEP, for example). A properly essay will describe and evaluate two theories however would also refer to others.

Question 15. Which Neuropath Logical Factors Could Explain The Symptoms Of Parkinson's Disease?

Answer :

Define the term 'Parkinson's ailment' and describe the major signs of the ailment. It will describe the neural disorder function of the disorder and will don't forget whether this dysfunction underlies the motor impairment. A exact answer will draw on DBS research and expertise of the outcomes of L­'DOPA to address the query.

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Question sixteen. Define The Term ‘apraxia’ And Describe Its Symptoms And Underlying Neural Basis. Why Are There So Many Types Of Apraxia?

Answer :

Define apraxia and description its historical development. It will factor out that many unique kinds of apraxia have been described, and it will describe the symptoms involved in each. The essay will describe the regions of the brain which, whilst broken, result in apraxia, and could don't forget whether or not those apraxias are discrete problems or no longer.

Question 17. Evaluate The Role Of The Basal Ganglia In Movement Disorders?

Answer :

Outline what the basal ganglia are and wherein they're located. The  essay have to  describe  their involvement in  movement issues, such  as Parkinson's sickness  and  Huntington's sickness, and  why they must  be so involved. A excellent solution will compare the role of various parts of the basal ganglia in movement disorder.

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Question 18. Evaluate The Contribution Of Neuroimaging Studies To Our Understanding Of Normal And Disordered Language Processing?

Answer :

Describe the neuroimaging strategies used to observe impaired and normal language, and describe the benefits and downsides of each for the look at of this function. The essay will describe the forms of language features studied.  A absolutely top essay will suggest how neuroimaging studies have complemented single case research of language. It have to observe the utility of neuroimaging to analyzing one-of-a-kind languages and signal language. It have to compare whether or not those techniques can display the ones regions which can be enough or important for language processing.

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Question 19. Discuss The Neurobiological Bases Of Specific Language Impairment And Developmental Dyslexia?

Answer :

Define the phrases ‘unique language impairment’ and 'developmental dyslexia', and display how those range from acquired dyslexia. It should outline the cytoarchitectonic, structural, local and activational brain characteristics of the problems and evaluate whether these are causal or correlational.

Question 20. How Have Neuropsychological Studies Of Aphasic Patients Informed Our Understanding Of The Structure And Function Of The Normal Language System?

Answer :

Define the time period 'aphasia', be aware the different types and be aware about the debate over whether or not these are simple issues (cf. Wernicke Broca Lichtheim version). It need to describe the numerous symptoms of aphasia and the related brain place damaged, and examine whether this harm method the region is necessary for the feature disrupted. A truely top essay may even describe the controversy over whether Wernicke’s vicinity is unitary. The essay will consider the aphasias’ contribution to models of language function.

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Question 21. Evaluate The Suggestion That Multiple Memory Systems Are Underpinned By Multiple Neural Systems?

Answer :

Acknowledge that reminiscence isn't always unitary but accommodates different types. The essay should outline the characteristics of those types, as well as describing the distinctive approaches involved in memory (encoding, retrieval which includes reputation and keep in mind), after which correlate those reminiscence sorts with activation in specific  brain regions and with mind damage in single cases studies. The essay will address whether this correlation amounts to anything greater than a correlation or whether the mind areas implicated in memory are vital for memory.

Question 22. What Causes Amnesia?

Answer :

Define 'amnesia' (worldwide) and its two subtypes (anterograde and retrograde). It will define feasible causes, including harm to the hippocampus (HM) or the maxillary our bodies (Korsakoff's). The role of the temporal lobe ought to also be mentioned.

Question 23. Evaluate The Role Of The Hippocampus In Spatial Memory?

Answer :

Describe the importance of the hippocampus to memory in standard. It ought to then evaluate significantly the proof implicating the hippocampus in spatial reminiscence from early research with rodents to current imaging research. O’Keefe and Nadel’s version ought to be delivered and evaluated, as ought to meta-analyses suggesting that the hippocampus may additionally play a more particular role than trendy spatial reminiscence.

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Question 24. Evaluate The Evidence That The Brain Has Discrete Regions Or Systems For Processing Different Emotions?

Answer :

Begin by using outlining the problem with defining emotion. Using data  from animal lesioning  research and  classical conditioning  research (e.G. Le Doux et all’s studies), mind injury studies (the amygdala and worry recognition, and the role of the orbit frontal cortex), brain disease research (Huntington's sickness) in  humans, and  neuroimaging and EEG research, the  essay need to  compare  whether or not those studies propose that special feelings (consisting of fear, happiness, disappointment, disgust, and  anger) are  sub served  by means of extraordinary neural routes. The essay should observe the distinction between emotional popularity and emotional experience, and the significance of creating  this difference to understanding  the  neuropsychology of emotion.

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Question 25. In What Way Can The Amygdale Be Conceived As The ‘sensory Gateway To The Emotions'?

Answer :

Describe what led Aggleton and Mishkin to explain the amygdale in this way, drawing on early lesion studies in primates and monkeys. It might then describe what seems to be the amygdala's disproportionate role in worry reputation, drawing on studies of classical conditioning in rodents, brain damage in human beings and neuroimaging. The essay need to observe whether both sides of the amygdale perform one of a kind capabilities. A discussion of the amygdala's role in different feelings, together with an assessment of why the amygdale is concerned inside the behaviours it's far, must be included.

Question 26. Do Different Brain Systems Mediate The Perception And Experience Of Emotion?

Answer :

Begin by way of outlining the hassle with defining emotion. The essay have to observe the difference between emotional popularity and emotional revel in, and the importance of making this distinction to information the neuropsychology of emotion, drawing on non¬invasive studies of lateralization, which includes visual view research. The essay should evaluate the proper¬for¬emotion speculation.

Using statistics from animal lesioning studies, classical conditioning research (e.G. Le Doux et all’s research), brain damage studies (the amygdala and fear reputation, and the role of the orbit frontal cortex), brain ailment studies (Huntington's ailment) in humans, and  neuroimaging  and EEG  studies, the  essay have to  examine  whether exceptional neural systems are implicated in expression and popularity.

Question 27. Contrast The Symptoms Of Alzheimer's Disease With Those Of Parkinson's Disease. What Causes These Different Symptoms And How Does This Affect The Treatment Of These Disorders?

Answer :

Define the two disorders and describe the symptoms of every, noting that the 2 sicknesses, although leading to dementia of one type or every other, have one of a kind behavioural results. The solution will describe the similarities in the cognitive signs of each and the variations among them (as well as the obvious physical differences). The essay will describe the underlying neuropathology and use this understanding to describe the treatment procedures. The essay may describe how a few remedies that can be implemented to both (e.G. Transplantation) may be more powerful for one than the alternative and explain why this is so.

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Question 28. What Are The Three Most Common Forms Of Cortical Dementia? Explain How These Can Be Differentiated From Each Other?

Answer :

Note that the query asks for three cortical dementias (not noncritical dementias). The essay will select 3 common dementias – perhaps DAT, VD and FTD – and describe the signs and symptoms of each, noting the commonalities between them and additionally the differences. The essay will explain why the symptoms are distinct, with reference to the dementias' underlying neuropathology, and why they're similar. A superb essay will define the issues with making a positive diagnosis of specific dementia.

Question 29. Is The Cognitive Decline (and Underlying Neuropathology) Associated With Dementia Simply An Exaggeration Of The Effects Of Normal Ageing?

Answer :

Define 'dementia' and perhaps focus on one or  of the major dementias, describing the cognitive signs of every. The essay should word that similarities exist between cognitive decline with ageing and those seen in dementia (and describe those), and also word the differences. The essay will provide an explanation for why this is so, and observe the theories of Salt residence and others which try to provide an explanation for decline with getting older. The difficulties in distinguishing among the effect of dementia and growing old could be mentioned.

Question 30. Can Dysfunctional Neurotransmitter Systems Explain The Appearance Of Depression?

Answer :

Define the time period ‘despair’ and describe its signs and symptoms. The position of the amines in despair could be described and evaluated, with regards to the antidepressant medicinal drug administered traditionally and extra lately. The function of the prefrontal cortex and the projection of the serotonergic machine to it have to be described, in tandem with neuroimaging research of depression.

Question 31. Do Different Neural Systems Underpin The Different Anxiety Disorders?

Answer :

Define what is supposed via an 'tension sickness' and describe the primary types. The symptoms of each need to be defined, and the neural features that might distinguish between them, evaluated.  Neuroimaging work, mainly those regarding symptom provocation, ought to be referred to, and the fashions described by using Cannisastro and Rauch is probably defined and evaluated. Models of tension ought to be discussed, mainly Gray's version.

Question 32. What Are The Neuropsychological Symptoms Of Schizophrenia And What Might Explain These?

Answer :

Define the time period 'schizophrenia', word that there are differing types and describe the foremost signs of every. The essay need to then describe the neuropsychological signs and symptoms associated with schizophrenia, including neural and neurotransmitter characteristics. Models of the neuropsychology of schizophrenia, which includes Crow's lateralization and language concept, must be discussed.

Question 33. How Does Functional Asymmetry Develop?

Answer :

Define the term 'purposeful asymmetry'. An define of ways the mind develops pre¬ and publish¬natally have to be given. MRI research of asymmetry development all through  youth  and  via to childhood and  young  adulthood should  be defined and evaluated, collectively with research of aphasia in kids who've  sustained  mind  injury or had  brain  surgical operation (hemp decortication). Theories of uneven cortical development must be evaluated.

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Question 34. Evaluate The Hypothesis That, In Terms Of Recovery Of Function, Brain Damage When Young Is Better Than Brain Damage When Old?

Answer :

Outline the technique of restoration from mind damage, and describe a number of the principal elements which could have an impact on restoration. The query is examining the  understanding  of the  Kennard  principle,  and  this have to  be described  and evaluated, using  proof from research of aphasia  in  youngsters and adults. The data suggesting that age is one of the most vital determinants of successful restoration have to be evaluated.

Question 35. What Factors Influence Recovery Of Function After Brain Injury? Why?

Answer :

Outline the method of recuperation from mind injury, and describe some of the predominant elements that may have an effect on healing. These encompass: age? education? handedness? sex? Social guide? And motivation. Models of restoration should be described and evaluated.

Question 36. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fixed Battery Versus Flexible Testing Approaches To Neuropsychological Assessment?

Answer :

Define what is supposed by these two procedures, giving examples. The essay will provide an explanation for why those  tactics are taken, and the contexts beneath which they would be adopted. 

Advantages of constant battery checking out may encompass:  inclusiveness and comprehensiveness? Availability of norms? And status quo of man or woman rankings to represent trendy cognitive overall performance.

Disadvantages of constant battery might consist of:  time consuming administration? Attention span of the affected person/participant? There could be a few functions now not tested by means of the battery? And norms might not be suitable, etc.

Advantages of the flexible method would possibly encompass:  being capable of tailor trying out to the trouble provided, the use of a test designed specifically to diagnose a selected disorder? And brief management time. Disadvantages of the bendy technique might encompass not checking out a characteristic that might be impaired and no longer noticed.

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Question 37. Describe Some Of The Methodological Problems Encountered During Neuropsychological Assessment And Outline Ways In Which These Might Be Overcome?

Answer :

Outline the objectives and motive of neuropsychological assessment. Some of the problems encountered consist of: check choice? Patient variables? Age of the player? Medium of test administration? The time taken to check? And malingering and many others.

Question 38. What Is Meant By ‘estimating Premorbid Ability'?Examine Its Usefulness In Neuropsychological Assessment?

Answer :

Define ‘premorbid capacity’, describe estimates of premorbid ability and provide an explanation for why that is an vital concept in neuropsychological evaluation. The essay will provide examples of exams of premorbid potential, and evaluate their fulfillment in predicting cognitive potential in patients with mental illness, with brain injury and in healthy old and young individuals. A good answer will explain why exams which includes the NART are greater appropriate than other measures of estimating premorbid capability.