Interview Questions.

Question 1. Which Technologies Will Merge?

Answer :

SAN initiatives don’t usually demand a clear choice among iSCSI and Fibre Channel; combos are also viable. Despite the numerous differences, communication is possible. On the hardware facet, a connection calls for an IP garage transfer or bridge, or a router.

The Internet Fibre Channel Protocol (iFCP) acts as a gateway between Fibre Channel and iSCSI as it offers NAT among FC and IP; that is, it maps FC addresses to IP addresses.

FCIP (Fibre Channel over IP) lets in FC SANs to be related over IP networks by means of tunneling. The FC packets are encapsulated in TCP/IP.

Question 2. What Are Typical Applications Supported By Iscsi?

Answer :

Primarily, business-important business enterprise programs at the branch stage, along side assignment-crucial programs of small and medium sized agencies. The maximum large examples are mail servers, databases, and different programs that often get admission to databases, which include eCommerce applications. ISCSI affords a effective connection for server virtualization solutions.

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Question 3. Which Customer Problems Does Iscsi Solve?

Answer :

iSCSI is specifically an amazing manner to counter the out of control proliferation of DAS servers and SAN islands in a organisation. The maximum vital point in iSCSI desire is the cost financial savings potential arising from centralized control. However, iSCSI additionally offers all the other advantages of a SAN (higher storage usage, smaller backup home windows, cluster aid, snapshots for SQL and Exchange servers, lengthy tiers) and prices a great deal less than Fibre Channel.

Question 4. Is It True That A Lot Of Additional Hardware Is Required To Get Iscsi Running? A Cost Factor?

Answer :

In reality, just the other is true. With iSCSI installations you may use plenty of present Ethernet infrastructure, including preferred network playing cards or existing server structures. ISCSI initiators are available without spending a dime, for example from Microsoft, or whilst Open Source software inside the form of Open iSCSI. Additionally required additives encompass, for example, hard disk systems or tape drives, however the ones aren’t wished for iSCSI itself, however for the supposed functionality together with for backups. Compared to DAS structures or Fibre Channel SANs, iSCSI is a financially attractive answer.

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Question 5. What Kinds Of Iscsi Products Are Currently On The Market?

Answer :

There is an abundance of products and solutions available on the market which can be based totally on distinctive drafts of the iSCSI specification. The maximum vital ones are iSCSI targets, along with tough disk arrays, storage routers, garage switches and iSCSI initiators incorporated into network adapters, and specific host bus adapters.

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Question 6. Are Pure Ip Sans (iscsi Sans) Or Fcip(fibre Channel Over Ip) Already Being Implemented?

Answer :

Yes, businesses these days generally pick pure IP SANs with iSCSI if you want to live in a familiar, controllable surroundings. These SANs are regularly created in the course of consolidation projects, in which DAS systems are changed. FCIP is utilized in huge groups, for instance whilst FC SANs at special places are linked via IP networks.

Question 7. Which New Features/characteristics Will Drive The Adaptation Of Iscsi This Year?

Answer :

For many corporations, virtualization is a totally high priority; iSCSI offers a suitable and value-powerful answer for that. In addition, most groups are seeking to optimize their backups, which additionally argues for more iSCSI reputation.

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Question eight. How Does Iscsi Relate To Ip Storage Protocols Such As Ifcp (internet Fibre Channel Protocol)?

Answer :

Technically, iSCSI and iFCP aren't very a long way aside. The precept of iSCSI is that SCSI commands are embedded in IP packets. IFCP works very further - at its middle, SCSI instructions are at work, which can be transmitted over an IP network. The distinction is at Layer Four of the protocol stack. With iFCP, this accretion of the Fibre Channel stack is retained, permitting the use of control applications for Fibre Channel networks with iFCP.

IFCP and additionally FCIP are used to connect SANs to every other. In comparison to iFCP, FCIP creates a tunnel among FC SANs.

Question 9. What Kinds Of Storage Data Traffic Are Transmitted Via Iscsi?

Answer :

ISCSI offers block-based totally records transmission, for example for backups, databases, snapshots, remote boot, virtualization, disaster recuperation, mirroring, and much extra.

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Question 10. Fibre Channel Is Already Designed To Transmit Iscsi Commands Via Switched Network Fabrics. So Why Should I Bother With Iscsi?

Answer :

If you decide on a unified community infrastructure and need to shop cash, there’s no manner round iSCSI. Another advantage is that it’s easy to administrate with acquainted control equipment.

Question 11. Is It True That Ip Sans Require You To Take A Very Close Look At The Issue Of “safety”?

Answer :

Of course, in any case we’re speakme approximately storing valuable organisation facts. On the only hand, data protection is vital; that is, making sure backups, replication, snapshots and so on. On the opposite hand, get entry to to this information ought to additionally be strictly regulated. The important functionalities are, of direction, to be had for iSCSI, for example IPSec, VPNs, CHAP, VLANs.

EMC Interview Questions
Question 12. What Is An Iscsi Initiator?

Answer :

An initiator is an iSCSI client. Initiators normally have the identical responsibilities as a SCSI host bus adapter. The distinction is that iSCSI initiators don’t connect SCSI devices (inclusive of difficult disks or tape changers) bodily through cables. ISCSI initiators send commands over IP networks. There are two types of initiators: software and hardware iSCSI initiators.

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Question 13. What Is The Aim Of Iscsi?

Answer :

iSCSI is the industry wellknown for records switch over Ethernet-based totally networks in IP-based storage networks. ISCSI structures use the existing Ethernet infrastructure to transfer SCSI instructions over IP. Because IP based totally networks are to be had anywhere, iSCSI may be used to switch data in LANs or WANs, enabling location-independent statistics garage and recovery.

Question 14. How Do Hardware And Software Initiators Affect The Performance Of Applications?

Answer :

If an software accesses a big quantity of small files frequently (e.G. A closely applied OLTP database), this may bring about the iSCSI initiator using up to 25% of CPU potential. In such instances a, hardware iSCSI initiator (or iSCSI HBA) could possibly emerge as vital, although a TNIC might nonetheless suffice.

Question 15. How Does Iscsi Interoperability Compare To Fibre Channel Interoperability?

Answer :

Both technologies are so mature that interoperability among maximum producers has already been confirmed or licensed.

Storage Area Network Interview Questions
Question sixteen. What Is The Difference Between Iscsi And Fibre Channel?

Answer :

iSCSI is the transfer of SCSI commands over IP (Internet Protocol) networks, whereas Fibre Channel is the transfer of community and garage protocols (e.G. SCSI or IP) over fibre-optic or copper cables. Therefore iSCSI uses set up community infrastructures to create an IP SAN, while with Fibre Channel, extra infrastructure need to be purchased in order to create a SAN.

Question 17. Disadvantages Of Iscsi?

Answer :

The principal obstacle to the unfold of Ethernet as the simple era of building garage area networks is the distinctly long delay time (close to seventy five microseconds), which arises due to the peculiarities of the TCP / IP stack. In High-End structures, with simultaneous access to heaps of files, this may be a critical problem.

RAID Interview Questions
Question 18. Advantages Of Iscsi?

Answer :

The blessings of iSCSI encompass:

Consolidating Storage Systems
Data backup
Server clustering
Replication
Emergency healing
Geographical distribution of SANs
QoS
Security
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Question 19. What Is Iscsi Architecture?

Answer :

The server can be implemented both programmatically and hardware. The software implementation gets requests over the network, tactics them, reads (writes) the vital facts to the media, and returns the statistics (result) lower back over the community. Since these operations take a vast quantity of CPU time for excessive-depth requests, iSCSI HBAs (adapters) have been created that combine an Ethernet community card and a SCSI controller.

ISCSI works on the block level. The item to which get admission to is granted is the facts region interpreted by the initiator as a block tool (disk). Access is distinctive (excluding mainly designed file systems and file structures in read-most effective mode). The duty to create and keep the report gadget rests with the initiator; the server (target, target) handiest serves low-degree queries, similar to the requests that the disk driver serves when running with local disks.

For addressing over the community, both the consumer and the server have their own addresses, which need to be unique.

Detection era (discovery, auto-discovery) is used to discover the list of to be had gadgets at the iSCSI target (server). It is a service that listens on the tcp port (generally 3260) patron requests and offers them a listing of available objectives. This carrier is referred to as a portal (English portal).

In addition to portals, iSNS (Internet storage call service) also can be used to find to be had targets.

Question 20. Will Iscsi Replace Fibre Channel, In Your Opinion?

Answer :

No, Fibre Channel offers a totally stable foundation for cozy and high overall performance garage answers. ISCSI nevertheless suffers from the weakness that IP packets may be misplaced on the network after which need to be resent. If a network is overloaded, this will purpose enormous drops in performance.

TCP/IP Interview Questions
Question 21. When Should I Use Iscsi Instead Of Fibre Channel San?

Answer :

You need to possibly be asking the alternative query: When have to I use Fibre Channel as opposed to iSCSI? You must use Fibre Channel if the necessities of your IT structures cannot be covered by means of iSCSI, for instance if you have very high statistics site visitors. Due to the FC protocol, FC offers lower data packet loss than iSCSI, which makes use of TCP/IP as a transfer protocol.

Question 22. How Do The Characteristics Of Iscsi Storage Arrays Compare To The Characteristics Of Fibre Channel Arrays?

Answer :

Apart from the relationship kind, the characteristics of iSCSI and Fibre garage arrays are comparable. What’s interesting is to test the capabilities provided through the diverse manufacturers and array fashions: replication, backup/restoration, disaster restoration, redundancy, failover, charge and performance.

Question 23. How Does Iscsi Compare To Fibre Channel In Terms Of Security?

Answer :

Contrary to standard opinion, FC SANs are no more comfortable than iSCSI SANs. Rather, FC installations have benefited indirectly from their complexity and their relative isolation in facts facilities. When comparing the two, it’s well worth noting that iSCSI helps a pretty good sized listing of protection capabilities, consisting of Access Control Lists (ACLs), the IP Security Protocol (IPSec), the Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) and using Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Anytime an iSCSI SAN extends past the facts middle, the garage administrator ought to take the necessary steps to ensure at ease get admission to. The trick with regards to iSCSI security is not to locate the right tools for the activity, but to use the fine strategies and make the most of the tools that already exist.

Firmware Development Interview Questions
Question 24. What Does Ipsec Mean?

Answer :

IPSec is an abbreviation of Internet Protocol Security. It presents a protection architecture for communique over IP laptop networks. This safety includes ensuring confidentiality, authenticity and integrity.

Routing Protcol Interview Questions
Question 25. What Does Iscsi Api Mean?

Answer :

ISCSI API is surely called iSCSI Management API, and is a standardized interface that packages use that allows you to control iSCSI HBAs, regardless of manufacture.

Question 26. What About Iscsi Backups?

Answer :

iSCSI can be used to carry out backups over the network. Typically, an iSCSI target is created, in which a picture of the block device may be seen, and this block tool is incorporated into a backup server as write-covered. In this regard it have to be cited that for you to carry out the backup, the backup server must be capable of examine the iSCSI block tool as a formatted disk with a document system (e.G. NTFS, XFS, EXT3).

VMware Interview Questions
Question 27. How About Ip Storage And Disaster Recovery?

Answer :

Disaster healing: companies reflect storage resources from one information middle to another, far flung information center, wherein they are able to serve as a “warm standby” in the event of a extended outage. Specifically, iSCSI SANs permit you to migrate entire disk arrays over a WAN, with minimal configuration adjustments, in order that storage site visitors can be routed within the identical manner as network traffic.

LAN Interview Questions