Interview Questions.

Question 1. What Are The Three Types Of Germ Layers That Form Tissues And Organs In Animals?

Answer :

The three germ layers are the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.

Question 2. How Is The Mesoderm (1/3 Germ Layer) Of Triploblastic Animals Formed?

Answer :

The mesoderm seems from differentiation of endodermal cells that cowl the dorsal area of the archenteron.

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Question three. What Are The Archenteron And The Blastopore? What Is The Stage Of The Embryonic Development In Which These Structures Are Formed? What Are The Destinations Of The Archenteron And Of The Blastopore?

Answer :

Archenteron is the tube formed throughout gastrulation by invagination of the blastula wall in the blatocele. It is the origin of the gastrointestinal tract. Blastopore is the hole of the archenteron to the outside. The blastopore offers beginning to one of the extremities of the digestive tube: the mouth in protostome beings, or the anus in deuterostome beings.

Question 4. What Is Gastrulation? How During Gastrulation Are The &rst Two Germ Layers Formed? Which Are These Germ Layers?

Answer :

Gastrulation is the method through which a part of the blastula wall undergoes invagination inside the blastocele forming a tube called archenteron (primitive intestine). The cells of the internal aspect of the tube shape the endoderm (germ layer) and the cells of the outer facet form the ectoderm (any other germ layer). It is the beginning of the tissue differentiation inside the embryonic improvement.

Question 5. After The Blastula Stage What Is The Following Stage Of The Embryonic Development? How Is The Passage From Blastula To The Next Stage Called?

Answer :

The blastula will become gastrula in a method known as gastrulation.

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Question 6. After The Morula Stage What Is The Next Stage? What Is The Morphological Feature That Defines That Stage?

Answer :

After passing the morula level in which the embryo become a compact mass of cells, the following level is the blastula level. In the blastula degree, the compactness is misplaced and an internal hollow space filled with fluid appears internal, the blastocele.

Question 7. What Are The Cells Produced In The First Stage Of The Embryonic Development Called?

Answer :

The cells that resulted from the cleavage (the primary stage of the embryonic development) are known as blastomeres. In this level the embryo is referred to as morula (similar to a “morus”, mulberry).

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Question eight. What Is The Cell Division During The First Stage Of The Embryonic Development Called? How Is This Stage Characterized?

Answer :

The mobile division inside the first level of the embryonic tendencies is called cleavage, or segmentation. In this degree, mitosis happens from the zygote forming the new embryo.

Question 9. What Are The Four Initial Stages Of The Embryonic Development?

Answer :

The 4 initial tiers of the embryonic development are the morula level, the blastula level, the gastrula stage, and the neurula degree.

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Question 10. What Are The Animal Pole And The Vegetal Pole Of The Vertebrate Egg?

Answer :

The animal pole of a telolecithal egg is the part of the egg with little vitellus, it's miles opposite to the vegetal pole this is the place where the yolk is focused.

Question eleven. What Is The Function Of The Vitellus In The Vertebrate Egg? How Are These Eggs Classified According To The Amount Of Vitellus Within Them?

Answer :

Vitellus (yolk) is the nutritive fabric that accumulates within the cytoplasm of the egg (zygote) with the function of nourishing the embryo. According to the quantity of vitellus in them, the vertebrate eggs are categorized as oligolecithal (little yolk), centrolecithal, or heterolecithal (more yolk diffusely allotted) and telolecithal (extra yolk concentrated in one cease of the egg).

Question 12. What Is The Cell Division Process Directly Related To The Embryonic Growth?

Answer :

The embryonic boom depends at once on mitosis. Through this kind of mobile division, the zygote divides itself giving birth to a series of cells that by mitosis too compose differentiated tissues and organs until the formation of a entire individual.

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Question 13. How Are Animals Classified According To The Germ Layers Present In Their Embryonic Development?

Answer :

Cnidarians are diploblastic, i.E., they present most effective endoderm and ectoderm. With the exception of poriferans, all remaining animals are triploblastic. Poriferans do no longer present differentiated tissue agency and so they do not classify concerning germ layers (although every so often they're cited as diploblastic).

Question 14. How Does The Embryo Turn From Gastrula Into Neurula? How Is The Neural Tube Formed? What Is The Embryonic Origin Of The Nervous System In Vertebrates?

Answer :

The neurula level is characterized through the appearing of the neural tube along the dorsal vicinity of the embryo. The growing of mesoderm in that location induces the differentiation of ectodermal cells just above. These cells then differentiate forming the neural tube. Therefore, the starting place of the fearful gadget is the ectoderm (the identical germ layer that gives beginning to the pores and skin).

Question 15. What Is Notochord? How Is This Structure Formed?

Answer :

Notochord is a rodlike structure that bureaucracy the assisting axis of the embryo and offers birth to the vertebral column in vertebrates. It is fashioned with the aid of differentiation of mesodermal cells.

Question sixteen. What Is Coelom? To Which Structures Do Coeloms Give Birth? Are All Animals Coelomate?

Answer :

Coeloms are cavities delimited with the aid of mesoderm. Coeloms originate the cavities where the inner organs of the frame are positioned, like the pericardial cavity, the peritoneal cavity, and the pleural hollow space. Besides coelomate animals, there are acoelomate animals, like platyhelminthes, and pseudocoelomate animals, like nematodes.

Question 17. What Is The Germ Layer From Which The Coeloms Originate?

Answer :

The coeloms are originated from mesoderm.

Question 18. What Are Pleura, Pericardium, And Peritoneum?

Answer :

Pleura are the membrane that covers the lungs and the internal wall of the chest? pericardium is the membrane that covers the heart? peritoneum is the membrane that covers maximum organs of the gastrointestinal tract and a part of the abdominal hollow space. All those membranes delimit coeloms (internal cavities).

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Question 19. After The Neurula Stage And From Its Ventral Portion To The Dorsal How Can The Morphology Of The Embryo Be Described?

Answer :

In a schematic longitudinal segment of the embryo after the neurula degree, the outermost layer of cells is the ectoderm. In the ventral place comes the archenteron tube formed of endodermal cells. In each aspects of the embryo, coeloms delimited by means of mesoderm are gift. In the principal area above the archenteron and within the center of the coeloms there may be the notochord. In the dorsal location simply above the notochord lies the neural tube.

Question 20. What Are Somites?

Answer :

Somites are differentiated portions of mesodermal tissue longitudinally distributed along the embryo. The somites originate the muscle tissues and portions of the connective tissues.

Question 21. What Are Histogenesis And Organogenesis?

Answer :

Histogenesis is the technique of tissue formation in the embryonic development. Organogenesis is the technique of organ formation. Before histogenesis and organogenesis the primitive embryonic structures had been already formed: germ layers, neural tube, notochord, coeloms, somites.

Question 22. From Which Germ Layer Do The Epidermis And The Nervous System Originate? What Are Other Organs And Tissues Made From That Germ Layer?

Answer :

Epidermis and worried gadget have the same embryonic origin: the ectoderm. The epidermal appendages (like nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands), the mammary glands, the adenohypophysys, the cornea, the crystalline lens and the retina are also derived from ectoderm.

Question 23. From Which Germ Layer Do Blood Cells Originate? What Are Other Organs And Tissues Made From That Germ Layer?

Answer :

Blood cells have mesodermal embryonic foundation. Other organs crafted from mesoderm are protecting serous membranes just like the pericardium, the peritoneum and the pleura, muscle mass, cartilages, epidermis, adipose tissue, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, gonads, blood and lymph vessels, bones.

Question 24. From Which Germ Layer Do The Liver And The Pancreas Originate? What Are Other Organs And Tissues Made From That Germ Layer?

Answer :

The liver and the pancreas are originated from the endoderm. Also from endodermal foundation are the epithelia of the airway, the epithelia of the bladder, of the urethra and of the GI tube (excepted of the mouth and anus), the alveolar cells of the lungs and the thyroid and parathyroid glands.

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Question 25. What Is Polyembryony?

Answer :

Polyembryony is the phenomenon in which a unmarried embryo in its initial embryonic stage divides itself forming many new people of the equal sex and genetically same. This is the way, for example, wherein reproduction takes place in armadillos of the genus Dasypus. Polyembryony is an example of natural “cloning”.

Question 26. What Are Extra Embryonic Membranes?

Answer :

Extra embryonic membranes are membranous systems that seem paralleling the embryo and play important roles within the embryonic improvement. They shape from the embryo but do not become part of the individual organism after its beginning.

Question 27. What Are The Extra Embryonic Membranes Present In Vertebrates?

Answer :

The greater embryonic membranes that can be present in vertebrates are the yolk sac, the amnion, the chorion, the allantois and the placenta.

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Question 28. Are The Extra Embryonic Membranes The Same In All Vertebrates?

Answer :

The presence of every more embryonic membrane varies in line with the vertebrate elegance.

In fishes and amphibians, best the yolk sac is present. In reptiles and aves except the yolk sac, there are also the amnion, the chorion and the allantois. In placental mammals besides a majority of these membranes, the placenta is present too.

Question 29. How Is The Yolk Sac Formed? What Is The Function Of The Yolk Sac?

Answer :

The yolk sac is shaped from the overlaying of the vitellus with the aid of a few cells originated from the primitive intestine.

The yolk sac shops vitellus, the main nourishment source of nonplacental embryos.

Question 30. Which Is The Extra Embryonic Membrane Whose Function Is To Store Nitrogen Wastes Of The Embryo? Is This Function Present In Placental Mammalian Embryos?

Answer :

The allantois is the extra embryonic membrane whose characteristic is to shop excretes of the embryo.

In placental mammals, the allantois is present however it does no longer exert that function since the embryonic wastes are gathered via the mother’s frame thru the placenta.

Question 31. Why Can The Allantois Be Considered An Adaptation To Terrestrial Life?

Answer :

The allantois is an model to dry land due to the fact in embryos of oviparous terrestrial beings, like reptiles and birds, the metabolic residuals can't be right away excreted to the aquatic surrounds (as fishes and amphibian larvae do). It was essential then the acting of a shape able to storing the embryonic excretes till hatching.

Question 32. What Is The Difference Between Amnion And Chorion?

Answer :

Amnion is the membrane that covers the embryo. Chorion is the membrane that covers the amnion, the yolk sac, and the allantois. The area delimited by way of the chorion and the amnion is called amniotic hollow space and it is filled with aminiotic fluid. The amniotic cavity has the capabilities of preventing desiccation of the embryo and of protecting it against mechanical shocks.

Question 33. Why Can The Amnion Also Be Considered An Adaptation To Terrestrial Life?

Answer :

The amnion is also an edition to dry land on the grounds that one in every of its capabilities is to prevent desiccation of the embryo.

Question 34. What Is The Chorioallantois Membrane Present In The Embryonic Development Of Reptiles And Birds? How Does This Membrane Participate In The Energetic Metabolism Of The Embryo?

Answer :

The chorioallantois membrane is formed with the aid of juxtaposition of some regions of the chorion and the allantois. Since it's far porous, the chorioallantois membrane allows the passage of gases between the embryo and the outdoors consequently making cardio cell respiration possible.

Question 35. In Which Type Of Animals Does The Placenta Exist? What Is Its Main Function?

Answer :

True placenta is found in placental mammals.

The placenta is fashioned from the chorion of the embryo and from the mom’s endometrium. Its principal characteristic is to permit the alternate of substances among the fetus and the mom’s frame.

Question 36. What Are The Main Substances Transferred From The Mother To The Fetus Through The Placenta And From The Fetus To The Mother?

Answer :

From the mother to the fetus the principle transferred substances via the placenta are water, oxygen, vitamins, and antibodies. From the fetus to the mom, metabolic wastes consisting of urea (nitrogen waste), and carbon dioxide are transferred.

Question 37. Is There Exchange Of Cells Between The Mother And The Fetus Through The Placenta?

Answer :

Under ordinary situations, there may be no passage of cells throughout the placenta all through gestation. The placenta has a easy mucosa isolating the richly vascularized region in touch with the mother’s endometrium from the umbilical cord in touch with the fetal blood. This barrier is referred to as placental barrier. Although permeable to some substances (selective permeability), the placental barrier forbids the passage of cells.

Question 38. What Are The Endocrine Functions Of The Placenta?

Answer :

The placenta has endocrine feature because it secretes the hormones progesterone and estrogens that hold the endometrium (inner protecting of the uterus) and prevent menses all through being pregnant. The placenta additionally secretes different critical hormones for pregnancy regulation.

Question 39. What Is The Function Of The Umbilical Cord?

Answer :

The umbilical cord is a set of blood vessels that connect the fetus with the placenta. In the fetus, one extremity of the cord inserts into the middle of the stomach wall (the later scar of this insertion is the umbilicus).

The feature of the umbilical wire is to allow the delivery of materials, nutrients, gases, and residuals, among the fetus and the mother’s body.