Interview Questions.

Question 1. What Are Different Categories Of Antenna And Give An Example Of Each?

Answer :

Different categories of antenna are as follows :

Wire Antennas - Short Dipole Antenna
Microstrip Antennas - Rectangular Microstrip (Patch) Antennas
Reflector Antennas - Corner Reflector
Travelling Wave Antennas - Helical Antennas
Aperture Antennas - Slot Antenna
Other Antennas - NFC Antennas
Question 2. What Is Handover And What Are Its Types?

Answer :

Handover in cell verbal exchange refers back to the procedure of shifting a call from one network cell to some other without breaking the call.

There are  styles of handover which might be as follows :

Hard Handoff : difficult handoff is the method wherein the cell connection is disconnected from the preceding cellular before it's far made with the new one.

Soft Handoff : It is the system in which a new connection is set up first before disconnecting the vintage one. It is for that reason greater efficient and clever.

Embedded Systems Interview Questions
Question three. What Is Ionospheric Bending?

Answer :

When a radio wave travels into the ionospheric layer it reports refraction because of distinction in density. The density of ionospheric layer is rarer than the layer underneath which causes the radio wave to be bent far from the regular. Also the radio wave stories a pressure from the ions within the ionospheric layer. If incident at the perfect angle the radio wave is absolutely contemplated returned to the internal atmosphere because of overall inner mirrored image. This phenomenon is called ionospheric mirrored image and is used in cell communique for radio wave propagation also known as ionospheric bending of radio waves.

Question four. What Is Cdma?

Answer :

CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access which makes use of digital format. In CDMA structures several transmissions through the radio interface take place concurrently on the equal frequency bandwidth. User records is combined at the transmitter’s facet with a code, then transmitted. On air, all transmission get mixed. At the receiver's side the identical code is used as in the transmitter’s aspect. The code facilitates the receiver to clear out the consumer records of the transmitter from incoming aggregate of all transmissions at the equal frequency band and identical time.

Digital Communication Tutorial
Question five. Explain The Concept Of Frequency Re-use?

Answer :

The entire of the geographical vicinity is divided into hexagonal form geometrical area known as mobile and each cell having its very own transceiver. Each BTS (mobile website) allotted different band of frequency or exceptional channel. Each BTS antenna is designed in this sort of way that i cover cell location wherein it's miles placed with frequency allotted with out interfering different cell alerts. The layout procedure of choosing and allocating channel organizations for all of the mobile base station inside device is referred to as frequency reuse.

Electronics and Communications Engineering Interview Questions
Question 6. Explain Bluetooth?

Answer :

Bluetooth is designed to be a non-public vicinity community, wherein taking part entities are cellular and require sporadic communique with others. It is omni directional i.E. It does now not have line of sight hassle like infra red does. Ericsson commenced the work on Bluetooth and named it after the Danish king Harold Biuetooth. Bluetooth operates within the 2.Four GHz vicinity of spectrum and presents a variety of 10 metres. It offers switch speeds of round 720 Kbps.

Question 7. What Are Gprs Services?

Answer :

GPRS offerings are described to fall in one of the  classes :

PTP ( Point to point)
PTM ( Point to Multipoint)
Some of the GPRS offerings are not possibly to be furnished by way of community operators at some point of early deployment of GPRS due in part to the phased development of widespread. Market call for is another issue affecting the choice of operators regarding which offerings to offer first.

Telecom Billing Tutorial Digital Electronics Interview Questions
Question eight. What Are The Advantages Of Cdma?

Answer :

Advantages of CDMA are as follows :

Frequency variety : Transmission is unfold out over a large bandwidth due to that less suffering from noise. If bandwidth is elevated S/N ratio will increase, which means noise may be decreased.
Multiplication Resistance : Chipping codes used for CDMA not handiest showcase low correlation but additionally low autocorrelation. Hence a model of the signal that is behind schedule by using a couple of chip c programming language does no longer interfere with dominant signal as in different multipath environments.
Privacy : Due to spread spectrum is obtained via the usage of noise like signals, where every person has a completely unique code, so privacy is inherent.
Graceful Degradation : In CDMA, more customers access the gadget concurrently in comparison to FDMa, TDMA.
Question 9. What Are The Advantages Of Spread Spectrum?

Answer :

Spread spectrum has the subsequent advantages :

No crosstalk interference.
Better voice great/records integrity and much less static noise.
Lowered susceptibility to multipath fading.
Inherent protection.
Co-lifestyles.
Longer working distances.
Hard to hit upon.
Hard to intercept or demodulate.
Harder to jam than slender bands.
Use of ranging and radar.
Electronics Interview Questions
Question 10. Explain The Steps Involved In Demodulating A Signal?

Answer :

Once the signal is coded, modulated after which despatched, the receiver should demodulate the sign. This is usually done in two steps :

Spectrum spreading (e.G., direct series or frequency hopping) modulation is removed.
The final facts bearing signal is demodulated by using multiplying with a nearby reference equal in structure and synchronised with acquired sign.
Question 11. How Can A Pseudo Random Noise Code Be Usable?

Answer :

To be usable for direct series spreading, a PN code need to meet the following conditions :

Sequence have to be constructed from 2 levelled numbers.
The codes must have sharp autocorrelation top to permit code synchronization.
Codes need to have a low go-correlation value, the decrease it's far, extra are the variety of customers which may be allowed in the device.
The codes have to be “balanced” i.E. The difference between ones and zeros in code may also best be 1.
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Question 12. What Are The Drawbacks Of Walsh Codes?

Answer :

Walsh codes have the subsequent drawbacks :

The codes do no longer have a single, slim autocorrelation peak.
The spreading isn't over the complete bandwidth; rather the electricity is spread over some of discrete frequency components.
Although the whole series pass correlation is identically zero, this does not hold for a partial sequence move correlation function. Thus benefit of the usage of orthogonal codes is misplaced.
Orthogonality is likewise stricken by channel properties like multi course.
Embedded Systems Interview Questions
Question thirteen. Explain Radio Environment In Building.

Answer :

Building penetration: Building penetration depends on the cloth used for production and structure used. This varies constructing to building and is based totally on constructing creation.

Building Height Effect: The signal electricity is usually better at top ground and generally floor advantage top is set 2.7dB/ground which isn't always depending on constructing creation.

Building Floor Reception: The sign isolation between flooring in a multi ground constructing is at the average approximately 20dB. Within a floor of a hundred and fifty * one hundred fifty feet, the propagation loss due to indoors partitions, relying at the wall substances is ready 20 dB between the sturdy and the vulnerable areas.

Question 14. List Some Advantages Of Gsm?

Answer :

Here are a few blessings of GSM :

GSM is mature, this adulthood means a more solid community with sturdy functions.
Less sign deterioration interior buildings.
Ability to use repeaters.
Talk time is generally better in GSM phones due to pulse nature of transmission.
The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules lets in users to switch networks and handset at will.
GSM covers truely all components of global so international roaming isn't a hassle.
Question 15. What Are The Various Types Of Numbers For Network Identity?

Answer :

Various styles of wide variety for community identity are as follows :

MSISDN ( Mobile station ISDN) Number : It is global mobile subscriber wide variety that is commonly called mobile quantity. It is precise international.
MSRN ( Mobile Subscriber Routing Number) : MSRN is used during cellular terminate trunk call to offer region of mobile subscriber.
HON ( Hand Over Number ) : HON is used for imparting facts required to transfer name from one B?SC to some other BSC or to another MSC.
ISMI ( International Mobile Subscriber Identity Number) : Purpose of ISMI is for area update and authentication.
TMSI ( Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity ) : TMSI is used in place of IMSI to enhance protection performance of community.
IMEI : International Mobile Equipment Identity.
Basic C Interview Questions
Question 16. What Are The Functions Of Base Station System ( Bss)?

Answer :

Functions of BSS are as follows :

Radio course control.
BTS and TC manipulate.
Connection establishment with MS-NSS.
Mobility management, speech transcoding.
Connection of statistical statistics.
Question 17. What Are The Parts Of Network Management System ( Nms )?

Answer :

Following are the components of community management gadget :

OMC : Operation and renovation center - Computerized tracking center.
NMC : Network Management Center - Centralized manage of a network is completed right here.
OSS : Operation and support gadget - Used for helping sports done in an OMC and/or NMC.
Digital Communication Interview Questions
Question 18. What Are Applications Of Dsp?

Answer :

Some decided on packages or digital sign processing which are often encountered in each day life are listed as follows:

Telecommunication: Echo cancellation in phone networks.
Military Radar sign processing
Consumer electronics Digital Audio/TV
Instrumentation and manipulate
Image processing image illustration, photograph compression
Speech processing speech analysis techniques are utilized in computerized speech recognition
Medicine Medical diagnostic instrumentation which includes computerised tomography (CT)
Seismology DSP techniques are hired in geophysical exploration for oil and gas.
Signal Filtering Removal of unwanted historical past noise.
Electronics and Communications Engineering Interview Questions
Question 19. What Is Analog-to-digital Conversion Of Signals?

Answer :

A discrete-time sign is described by using specifying its value handiest at discrete times, known as sampling instants. When the sampled values are quantised and encoded, a virtual signal is received. A digital signal is acquired from the analog signal with the aid of the usage of an analog-to-virtual converter. This whole manner is called the conversion of signals from analog to virtual shape.

Question 20. What Are The Properties Of Roc For Z-transform?

Answer :

Properties of the ROC for the z-Transform :

X(z) converges uniformly if and most effective if the ROC of the z-rework X(z) of the series consists of the unit circle. The ROC of X(z) includes a hoop inside the z-aircraft focused about the starting place. That is, the ROC of the z-rework of x(n) has values of z for which x(n) r-n is really summable.
The ROC does now not comprise any poles.
When x(n) is of finite duration then the ROC is the whole z-plane, besides likely z=0 and/or z=infinity.
If x(n) is a proper sided series, the ROC will now not consist of infinity.
If x(n) is a left sided series, the ROC will not include z=0. However if x(n)=zero for all n>zero, the ROC will encompass z=zero.
If x(n) is  = r0 is within the ROC, then the ROC will encompass a ring within the z-aircraft that includes the circle via poles.
If x(n) is causal, then the ROC consists of z=infinity.
If x(n) is anti- causal, trhen the ROC consists of z=zero.
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Question 21. What Is The Basic Difference Between Latches And Flip Flops?

Answer :

turn flops have clock signal whiles latches dont want any clock pulse.

Question 22. What Is Race Around Condition In Flip Flop?

Answer :

In a jk flip flop(level triggerd) whilst J=1,okay=1......The output Q continuosly keep converting among 1 and zero as long as clock is high.....This is called race round condition.

Question 23. If A Crow Sit On On Current Wire It Will Not Fell Current But A Man Touch It He Get Shock . Why?

Answer :

there is no grond termainal (-ve terminal to finish direction),
tere is not any conductor (conduction medium) In tere leg.
Electric Power Generation Interview Questions
Question 24. Why 2 Rectifier Is Used In Smps?

Answer :

Its now not necessary that a electricity plant makes use of simplest  rectifiers, it depends at the load gift at the web page and the ability of the rectifier or SMPS. Suppose the load at the website is 120 Amps and the SMPS capacity is 2000W or the modern-day potential of the recifier is 50 Amps. In that case 3 or greater rectifiers is preffered. Rectifiers is used to balance the load in each section.

Digital Electronics Interview Questions
Question 25. What Is Difference Between Voltage And Potential?

Answer :

Voltage is referred as Potenial distinction between two points.Capability way its force.

Question 26. Why Always Current In Some Amp And Voltage Is 230?

Answer :

contemporary is relying upon the weight. ByOhm's law,

V -lR,here load is variable.V-230v so contemporary is relying upon your load

Question 27. Why I Hire You And Why I Dont Hire You?

Answer :

You should rent me because I meet the eligibility criteria asked with the aid of you. Even I had the enjoy in this applicable field. I am an amazing team participant. For the second query at the end of the interview you will be clear sufficient of my understanding and my ability. That will assist you to decide whether u sud hire me or no longer.

Electronics Interview Questions
Question 28. Find Wrong Number seventy six,20,32,84,325,1580?

Answer :

76, bcz besides 76 all variety is in growing order....!!!

Question 29. What Kind Of Modulation Is Used For Land Phone Communication Systems?

Answer :

pulse code modulation

Question 30. What Is Nmc?

Answer :

community management center.

Question 31. What Is Ups And Inverters?

Answer :

While both provide backup strength for the duration of mains outage, with the U.S.The switch is immediate whereas with the Inverter there's an opening of a 2d or two. This hole is OK for family gadgets inclusive of lighting fixtures, fanatics, refrigerator, and many others. But not OK for computers.

In technical phrases:

UPS: The mains electricity involves the UPS. The AC is converted to DC and this DC is constantly charging the battery. The output of the battery is fed to the Sine wave inverter and it converts DC to AC and this feeds the system. Since energy out is continually drawn from the battery, there's no time lag whilst mains swicthes off; it justs stops the battery from being charged and the USAcontinues to deliver energy until the battery runs out.

Inverter: The mains electricity comes to the Inverter. This is at once sent to the output however the AC is likewise converted to DC and this DC is constantly charging the battery. A sensor and relay mechanism tests whether the mains is ON or OFF.

When the main switches OFF, the relay actuator triggers to interchange from mains to inverter. Rest is equal just like the UPS. Because of this sensor and relay, there may be a gap between triggering.

UPS involves more steeply-priced circuitary and is therefor greater steeply-priced to make and promote.

Question 32. What Effect At Thersold Value On Transmission Power Is Increase Or Decrease In Telecommunication?

Answer :

When Transmission energy growth the sensitivity of the antenna boom and so the edge fee decrease.

Question 33. What Is Ups And Inverters. And How To Give Battery Connections For Ups?

Answer :

Ups is a uninterputed power supply.Inverter is invet the weight in DC to AC than load taking the AC.It will likely be convertor is convet AC to DC that point battery is charged.Battery connections in series..

Telecommunication Project Management Interview Questions
Question 34. What Is Operating Ratio In Railway?

Answer :

Operating Ratio = Total revenue / Total expenses

Question 35. What Is Artificial Intelligence? Isnt It Is Dangerous?

Answer :

An synthetic intelligence ic the branch of technological know-how which makes the computer systems to act as an humans. Yes AI is risky because it's far leading us all the way down to dystopia. It is exploits natural human zoomorphism.