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Top 100+ Computer Architecture Interview Questions And Answers - May 28, 2020

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Top 100+ Computer Architecture Interview Questions And Answers

Question 1. What Are The Different Types Of Interrupts In A Microprocessor System, Explain?

Answer :

In the normal execution of a application there are three sorts of interrupts which can reason a damage:

External Interrupts: These varieties of interrupts generally come from outside input / output devices which are related externally to the processor. They are usually independent and oblivious of any programming that is presently strolling on the processor.

Internal Interrupts: They also are referred to as traps and their causes will be due to some illegal operation or the erroneous use of information. Instead of being precipitated by means of an external event they are usually prompted because of any exception that has been as a result of this system itself. Some of the causes of those styles of interrupts may be because of trying a division by using 0 or an invalid opcode and many others.

Software interrupts: These sorts if interrupts can occur most effective during the execution of an coaching. They may be utilized by a programmer to motive interrupts if want be. The primary motive of such interrupts is to switch from consumer mode to manager mode.

Question 2. What Is Virtual Memory In Computer?

Answer :

Virtual reminiscence is that after the to be had RAM memory isn't always enough for the machine to run the contemporary programs it's going to take some reminiscence from tough disk.This memory is named as Virtual reminiscence.

MULTIMEDIA Interview Questions
Question three. State Some Of The Common Rules Of Assembly Language?

Answer :

Some of the not unusual regulations of assembly stage language are as follows:

In meeting language the label area may be both empty or may additionally specify a symbolic address.
Instruction fields can specify pseudo or device commands.
Comment fields can be left empty or may be commented with.
Up to 4 characters are most effective allowed in the case of symbolic addresses.
The symbolic addresses field are terminated by means of a comma while the comment field starts with a ahead cut back.
Question four. Explain How Many Types Of Memory In Computer Architecture?

Answer :

laptop have special sort of memory like primary reminiscence , Auxiliary memory , buffer memory , Cache memory , virtual memory ,the paintings of all reminiscence heterogeneously primary memory is immediately speak with the CPU . Auxiliary reminiscence are used for storing the statistics for long time . Buffer memory are in particular used for storing the intermediate facts between the travel . Cache reminiscence are used for storing the the ones statistics that presently required at method time for increase the speed of the statistics . Digital reminiscence are put in between the two reminiscence for growth the velocity of records or coaching it manner it put between HDD and RAM .

MULTIMEDIA Tutorial
Question five. What Do You Understand Vertical Micro Code, Explain The Designing Strategy Of A Control Unit Coded On Vertical Code?

Answer :

Vertical microcode may be considered to be a segment of code or operators that have been clubbed collectively into fields. In this discipline each micro operation is given a unique price.

This helps in green corporation of associated code collectively.
An powerful design approach can be in case of 2 micro operations going on on the identical state, to assign them  one of a kind fields.
A no operation NOP can be protected in every area if necessary.
The remaining micro operations may be dispensed the various other operation area bits.
Also micro operations that modify the identical registers can be grouped together in the same discipline.
Compiler Design Interview Questions
Question 6. Explain What Are The Different Hazards? How Do We Avoid Them?

Answer :

There are situations, known as dangers, that save you the next practise inside the coaching flow from executing at some point of its exact clock cycle. Hazards lessen the performance from the precise speedup gained by using pipelining.

There are 3 training of Hazards:

Structural Hazards: It arise from useful resource conflicts when the hardware can not support all possible combos of instructions simultaniously in ovelapped execution.
Data Hazards: It arise whilst an education relies upon at the outcomes of previous guidance in a manner that is exposed by way of the ovelapping of instructions inside the pipeline.
Control Hazards: It stand up from the pipelining of branches and different instructions that alternate the PC.
Question 7. Briefly Explain The Two Hardware Methods To Establish Priority?

Answer :

Two one of a kind ways of establishing hardware precedence are Daisy Chaining and parallel precedence.

Daisy chaining is a form of a hardware implementation of the polling system.
Parallel precedence is quicker of the two and makes use of a priority encoder to establish priorities.
In parallel precedence interrupt a sign in is used for which the bits are separated with the aid of the interrupt indicators from each tool.
The parallel priority interrupt may additionally contain a masks register that's normally used to manipulate the reputation of every request concerning interrupts.
Compiler Design Tutorial x86 Interview Questions
Question 8. Instead Of Just 5-eight Pipe Stages Why Not Have, Say, A Pipeline With 50 Pipe Stages?

Answer :

The latency of the architecture will increase with the pipeline degrees. Penalty because of the flushing of the pipeline for instance will also increase Cycles Per Instruction of the CPU architecture

Question nine. Explain The Requirement Of Page-table And The Different Ways In Which The Table Can Be Organized?

Answer :

For any computer typically the reminiscence area is lesser compared to the address space this implies that the principle memory is lesser in comparison to the secondary reminiscence.

On the basis of the demands of the CPU information is transferred between the two memories.
Due to this a mapping approach is required which can be carried out the use of page-table.
The web page table can be organized in two approaches specifically within the R/W reminiscence and by means of using associative common sense.
In case of R/W reminiscence the speed of execution of packages is slow because it requires  important memory references to study information. It is also referred to as reminiscence web page desk.
In case of associative common sense it's far considered to be more powerful due to the fact it could be built with surely preserving thoughts to have identical no. Of blocks within the reminiscence as many as there are phrases.
Multimedia compression Interview Questions
Question 10. Explain The Cpu Is Busy But You Want To Stop And Do Some Other Task. How Do You Do It?

Answer :

Arise a non maskable interrupt.
Then supply leap training to required subroutine.
Question 11. Explain Briefly About Flip-flops?

Answer :

Flip flops are also called bi-strong multi-vibrators. They are able to store one little bit of statistics.

Flip flops are capable of be in two stable states particularly one and 0. They may be in both states and for you to change their states they should be pushed via a cause.
Certain flip flops are aspect precipitated meaning they simplest reply to voltage modifications from one level to every other. They can be both positive edged triggering or poor edged triggering.
Flip flops activate in a random manner this is they can be in both of the states while they're grew to become on. In order to have a uniform country while they are powered on a CLEAR signal has to be sent to the flip flops. They can also be made to show on in a specific kingdom by means of making use of PRESET.
Computer Basics Interview Questions
Question 12. How Do We Handle Precise Exceptions Or Interrupts?

Answer :

Like java have a feature for coping with exception handling "prime catch".The exception like divide through 0,out of certain.

MULTIMEDIA Interview Questions
Question thirteen. What Do You Understand By Partitioning In Reference To Operating Systems? Give Their Advantages And Disadvantages?

Answer :

Partitioning entails the consumer to partition their difficult drives after which they are able to enforce / deploy more than one operating systems on them. The user requires a boot supervisor to switch between one-of-a-kind running structures.

Partitioning permits each operating machine to work optimally.
Each os has the entire get admission to to the hardware of the gadget on which it's miles being executed.
Also relying on the record device used the consumer is free to resize his partition in step with his wishes.
But manual partition isn't a simple challenge and requires staying power.
The gadget needs to be restarted in case the consumer desires to switch operating systems.
Question 14. Explain The Difference Between Interrupt Service Routine And Subroutine?

Answer :

Subroutine are the part of executing procedures(like any system can name a subroutine for attain project),at the same time as the interrupt subroutine never be the element.Interrupt subroutine are subroutine which can be outside to a system.

Question 15. What Do You Understand By Virtualization?Point out The Pros And Cons?

Answer :

In a manner virtualization seems just like emulation however sincerely it shares hardware resources from the host OS.

This approach is slower compared to partition approach however is quicker than emulation.
Virtualization had also substantial guide thinking about it could additionally offer with 3d help.
With the help of virtualization it enable users to create digital clusters.
But virtualization systems require numerous reminiscence in shape of ram.
For virtualization it's far obligatory that the virtualized platform has the identical structure because the host laptop in any other case due to incompatibilities it isn't always feasible.
Advanced C++ Interview Questions
Question 16. Can You Explain What Are The Basic Components In A Microprocessor?

Answer :

cope with strains to refer to the address of a block
facts lines for data switch
IC chips four processing information
Question 17. What Are The Different Types Of Fields That Are Part Of An Instruction?Explain?

Answer :

An education may be considered to be a command that has been issued to a laptop to carry out a particular operation.

The education layout incorporates numerous field in them inclusive of:

Operation Code Field: Also called the op code discipline, this area is used to specify the operation to be done for the preparation.
Address Field: This area as its name specifies is used to designate the various addresses which includes check in cope with and memory address.
Mode discipline: This field specifies as to how effective address is derives or how an operand is to perform.
For ex:. ADD R0, R1. In this situation the ADD is the operand whereas the R1, ans R0 are the deal with fields.

Basic C Interview Questions
Question 18. What Are The Major Difficulties Of Pipeline Conflicts In Processors Supporting Pipe Lining?

Answer :

The following are the principle motives for pipe line conflicts in the processor:

When the equal useful resource is accessed on the equal time by using  exceptional segments it outcomes in aid conflicts. The handiest way to resolve this hassle is to use separate statistics reminiscences.
In case an coaching's execution relies upon on the result of a previous education and that end result is unavailable it results in data dependency conflicts.
Instructions that trade the be counted of the PC can purpose a lot of problems. This is generic specially inside the case of Branch commands. A method to resolve this trouble is called not on time load where positive practise are made to execute in a delayed way to avoid conflicts.
Compiler Design Interview Questions
Question 19. Explain Mesi?

Answer :

The MESI protocol is also referred to as Illinois protocol due to its improvement on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and MESI is a widely used cache coherency and memory coherence protocol.

MESI is the most commonplace protocol which supports write-back cache. Its use in private computers have become extensive with the advent of Intel's Pentium processor to "support the more green write-back cache similarly to the write-thru cache previously utilized by the Intel 486 processor"

Question 20. Point Out The Characteristics Of The Risc Architecture?

Answer :

RISC which means decreased guidance set because the acronym say aims to lessen the execution times of instructions by using simplifying the commands.

The primary characteristics of RISC are as follows:

Compared to regular commands they have a lower range of commands.
The addressing modes in case of RISC is also lower.
All the operations which are required to be done take region within the CPU.
All instruction are performed in a single cycle as a result have a quicker execution time.
On this architecture the processors have a huge quantity of registers and a miles more green guidance pipeline.
Also the preparation codecs are of fixed period and may be without problems decoded.
Question 21. Explain A Snooping Cache?

Answer :

Snooping is the technique where the man or woman caches reveal cope with strains for accesses to memory locations that they've cached. When a write operation is observed to a location that a cache has a copy of, the cache controller invalidates its personal reproduction of the snooped memory region.

Snarfing is in which a cache controller watches both deal with and statistics in an attempt to update its own replica of a reminiscence vicinity while a 2nd master modifies a region in important memory

Question 22. What Are The Steps Involved In An Instruction Cycle?

Answer :

Any software dwelling inside the memory contains a hard and fast of practise that need to be completed through the laptop in a sequential way. This cycle for every guidance is called the preparation cycle . The cycle includes the following steps:

Fetch preparation: Like the name stated in this technique the cpu fetches the instruction from the reminiscence. The PC get loaded with the cope with of the training.
Decode: the training: In this system the guidance receives decoded by way of the processor.In case the education has an indirect deal with the effective address is read from the reminiscence.Fetch the operand from the reminiscence
Execution: as soon as the preparation gets decoded the processor executes the practise.
Result: Store the bring about an appropriate vicinity.
Question 23. Explain What Are Five Stages In A Dlx Pipeline?

Answer :

The practise sets may be differentiated through:

Operand garage inside the CPU
Number of express operands in step with instruction
Operand location
Operations
Type and length of operands
Question 24. Explain The Components Of The Ven Neumann Architecture?

Answer :

The principal additives of the Von Neumann architecture had been as follows:

It consisted of a primary memory which might be used to shop all the facts and commands.
It might encompass an mathematics logical unit also referred to as the ALU. This component changed into as a way to work with binary statistics.
It additionally constructed from a manipulate unit which could be accountable for the interpretation of commands and their execution.
The manipulate unit might also be managed by way of the control unit itself.
X86 Interview Questions
Question 25. What Is External Interrupts?

Answer :

These types of interrupts commonly come from outside input / output devices which are related externally to the processor. They are typically impartial and oblivious of any programming that is presently jogging on the processor.

Question 26. Explain Briefly Six Different Types Of Addressing Modes Of An Instruction?

Answer :

The specific sorts of instructions are as follows:

Immediate Mode: As the name suggests the instruction in itself incorporates the operand.
Register Mode: In this mode the operands of an training are positioned inside the registers which themselves are located in the CPU.
Direct address mode: The address a part of an training on this mode is the powerful address.
Indexed addressing mode: In this mode a good way to reap the powerful deal with the contents of the index sign in is brought to the instructions address component.
Relative cope with mode: In this mode with a view to find out the effective deal with the contents of this system counter are introduced to the cope with a part of the training.
Question 27. What Is Internal Interrupts?

Answer :

They are also called traps and their reasons could be because of some unlawful operation or the misguided use of data. Instead of being caused by an outside occasion they're usually induced because of any exception that has been because of this system itself. Some of the causes of those varieties of interrupts can be because of trying a division by way of 0 or an invalid opcode and many others.

Multimedia compression Interview Questions
Question 28. Mention The Pros And Cons Of Emulation?

Answer :

Emulation is the method wherein a goal CPU and its corresponding hardware would be emulated exactly the identical way.

Emulation is a distinctly vintage idea and isn't always broadly used to emulate complete scale OS usage.
It is considered to be the exceptional platform for embedded/os improvement.
Emulation is possible for any hardware and it does not affect the underlying OS ( host ).
Although there are many positives of emulation there are few disadvantage of it as well, Emulation can be extremely sluggish.
Complete thorough hardware aid can't be possible in emulation.
Emulation is also very aid hungry and calls for a number of ram to function easily.
Question 29. What Is Software Interrupts?

Answer :

These types if interrupts can arise only for the duration of the execution of an education. They may be utilized by a programmer to cause interrupts if want be. The number one reason of such interrupts is to exchange from consumer mode to supervisor mode.

Question 30. What Is Vertical Microcode?

Answer :

Vertical microcode may be taken into consideration to be a segment of code or operators that have been clubbed together into fields. In this discipline each micro operation is given a completely unique value.

Question 31. Explain About Designing Strategy Of A Control Unit Coded On Vertical Code?

Answer :

A no operation NOP may be blanketed in each field if important.
The ultimate micro operations can be dispensed some of the different operation discipline bits.
Also micro operations that regulate the same registers could be grouped together within the identical field.
Question 32. Can You Explain The Two Hardware Methods To Establish Priority?

Answer :

Two one-of-a-kind approaches of organising hardware priority are Daisy Chaining and parallel priority.

Daisy chaining is a form of a hardware implementation of the polling method.
Parallel priority is quicker of the two and makes use of a priority encoder to set up priorities.
In parallel precedence interrupt a register is used for which the bits are separated by means of the interrupt alerts from each device.
The parallel precedence interrupt may incorporate a masks register that's on the whole used to manipulate the repute of every request concerning interrupts.
Question 33. Described Some Of The Common Rules Of Assembly Language?

Answer :

Some of the common guidelines of assembly level language are as follows:

In assembly language the label discipline may be both empty or might also specify a symbolic cope with.
Instruction fields can specify pseudo or gadget instructions.
Comment fields may be left empty or can be commented with.
Up to four characters are only allowed within the case of symbolic addresses.
The symbolic addresses subject are terminated via a comma whereas the remark subject begins with a forward cut down.
Computer Basics Interview Questions
Question 34. List The Components Of The Ven Neumann Architecture?

Answer :

The most important additives of the Von Neumann structure have been as follows:

It consisted of a prime reminiscence which could be used to store all the facts and instructions.
It could consist of an mathematics logical unit additionally known as the ALU. This component turned into so one can work with binary statistics.
It additionally made out of a control unit which would be accountable for the interpretation of instructions and their execution.
The manage unit could additionally be managed by way of the manipulate unit itself.
Question 35. Explain About The Major Difficulties Of Pipeline Conflicts In Processors Supporting Pipe Lining?

Answer :

The following are the primary motives for pipe line conflicts in the processor:

When the identical resource is accessed at the equal time by way of  distinctive segments it results in useful resource conflicts. The most effective way to resolve this hassle is to use separate records recollections.
In case an coaching's execution relies upon at the result of a preceding preparation and that end result is unavailable it results in records dependency conflicts.
Instructions that alternate the count of the PC can cause a variety of issues. This is widely wide-spread especially within the case of Branch commands. A method to solve this difficulty is referred to as not on time load in which positive instruction are made to execute in a behind schedule way to keep away from conflicts.
Question 36. Described The Different Types Of Fields That Are Part Of An Instruction?

Answer :

An coaching may be taken into consideration to be a command that has been issued to a laptop to perform a particular operation. The training format includes diverse discipline in them inclusive of:

Operation Code Field: Also referred to as the op code discipline, this discipline is used to specify the operation to be finished for the instruction.
Address Field: This area as its name specifies is used to designate the various addresses together with sign up address and reminiscence cope with.
Mode subject: This discipline specifies as to how effective cope with is derives or how an operand is to perform.
For ex: ADD R0, R1. In this example the ADD is the operand whereas the R1, ans R0 are the cope with fields.

Advanced C++ Interview Questions
Question 37. List The Different Types Of Micro-operations?

Answer :

The micro-operations in computers are labeled into the following categories:

Register switch micro-operations: These kind of micro operations are used to transfer from one register to another binary facts.
Arithmetic micro-operations: These micro-operations are used to carry out on numeric facts stored in the registers some mathematics operations.
Logic micro-operations: These micro operations are used to carry out bit style operations / manipulations on non numeric statistics.
Shift micro operations: As their call indicates they may be used to carry out shift operations in records store in registers.

Question 38. Explain Write Through Method?

Answer :

Considered to be the most effective this method involves the updating of the main memory corresponding to every write operation. With this the cache reminiscence is also updated in parallel in case it also incorporates the phrase certain on the cope with. The primary advantage of this approach is information integrity, the number one and the cache reminiscence each contain the same statistics.

Question 39. Explain Write Back Method?

Answer :

In this approach only the location within the cache is up to date. Whenever such an update occurs a flag is ready which makes certain that in case the phrase is eliminated from the cache the perfect copy is saved to the main memory. This method is generally taken while a word is continuously up to date at common intervals.

Question forty. What Is Associative Mapping?

Answer :

In this sort of mapping the associative reminiscence is used to keep content and addresses both of the reminiscence phrase. This allows the placement of the any word at any place within the cache reminiscence. It is considered to be the quickest and the maximum bendy mapping form.

Basic C Interview Questions
Question forty one. Explain Direct Mapping?

Answer :

In direct mapping the RAM is made use of to store information and some is stored within the cache. An deal with area is break up into two parts index subject and tag field. The cache is used to store the tag discipline while the rest is saved in the most important memory. Direct mapping`s overall performance is immediately proportional to the Hit ratio.

Question 42. Explain Vertical Micro Code?

Answer :

In case of vertical micro code each movement is encoded in density.
Vertical micro code are slower however they take less space and their moves at execution time need to be decoded to a signal.
Question 43. Described The Features Of Assembly Language?

Answer :

Although Assembly level languages are not smooth to recognize they're pretty simpler as compared to system degree languages.
The programs written on this language are not transportable and the debugging method is also no longer very easy.
The programs developed in meeting language are thoroughly system structured.
Question forty four. Explain Virtualization With The Pros And Cons?

Answer :

In a way virtualization seems just like emulation but simply it stocks hardware assets from the host OS.

This method is slower in comparison to partition approach however is quicker than emulation.
Virtualization had additionally full-size help considering it can also provide with 3d support.
With the help of virtualization it allow users to create virtual clusters.
But virtualization structures require numerous reminiscence in shape of ram.
For virtualization it's miles mandatory that the virtualized platform has the same structure because the host laptop in any other case due to incompatibilities it isn't always possible.
Question 45. Explain Partitioning In Reference To Operating Systems?

Answer :

Partitioning involves the user to partition their difficult drives after which they could put in force / install more than one running structures on them. The user calls for a boot manager to switch between special operating systems.

Question 46. What Are The Requirement Of Page-table?

Answer :

For any laptop usually the memory area is lesser compared to the deal with area this means that the primary reminiscence is lesser as compared to the secondary memory.

Question forty seven. Tell Me How Does Cloud Architecture Overcome The Difficulties Faced By Traditional Architecture?

Answer :

Cloud structure offer massive pool of dynamic assets that can be accessed any time on every occasion there's a demand, which isn't always being given by way of the traditional structure. In traditional architecture it isn't always possible to dynamically accomplice a gadget with the rising demand of infrastructure and the services. Cloud architecture gives scalable properties to fulfill the high demand of infrastructure and provide on-demand get admission to to the consumer.




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